Leadership

Leadership a master discipline

that illuminates some of the
toughest problems of human
needs and social change (Burns
(2003) Bk of Jones on Leadership
and management
Leadership
- is about having a vision and getting
people to follow, using the art of
persuasion.
- some would equate leadership with
management, and use the word
interchangeably.

- is social influence or a persons ability to
move other people to act.
Management
Wikipedia(2006) states that the term
management comes from the old French
term menagement which means the
directing and from the Latin term manu
agere, which means to lead by the hand

- management is the process of leading and
directing all or part of an organization through
deployment and manipulation of resources.

Management is a process by which a
cooperative group directs actions
towards a common goal.

Composed of four major functions:
planning, organizing, directing, and
controlling
Differences between a leader
from a manager
Leader:

- may or may not have official
appointment ( the job title alone does not
make a person a leader. Only a persons
behavior determines if he/she occupies
a leadership position)

Manager
A manager is officially appointed.
_-Have an assigned position within the
formal organization
Leader

Vested with power and authority by the
group


Manager

Vested with power and authority by the
organization

Managers have a legitimate source of
power due to the delegated authority
that accompanies their position
Leader

Influence others toward goal setting



Managers

Implements predetermined goals,
policies, rules and regulations

(As managers, you are expected to carry
out specific functions, duties and
responsibilities)
Leaders

Risk taker
Manager

Measures the risk to be taken in line with
expected results
Hence,
emphasizes control, decision making,
decision analysis and results
-greater formal responsibility and
responsibility for rationality and control
than leaders
Leader

Relates to people personally
Manager

Relates to people according to their roles

- manipulate people, environment,
money time, and other resources to
achieve organizational goals
Leader
Feels rewarded by personal achievement
Manager

Feels rewarded when accomplishing
organizational missions or goals
Leaders
Do the right thing
Managers

Do things right
In nursing practice:

We must do the right
thing and do that thing
right
GOAL
RESOURCES
7 MS
Theories &
Principles
Management
Process/
functions
Effective &
Efficient
Leadership
Conceptual framework of
a nurse-manager
At the center of the paradigm is the goal.
Around it are the various factors that will
help in attaining the goal.
The figure is cyclical which shows the
interconnectedness of leadership and
management.
7 MS
Money,
Men,
Machines,
Materials,
Methods,
Moment
manager
Historical Development of
Leadership Theories
The Great Man Theory
Trait Theory
Behavioral Theories-1940-1980
Mc Gregor-1960
Lewin, white and Lippit (Leadership styles :
authoritarian, democratic, laissez-faire)
Situational and Contingency leadership
theories(1950-1980) Follet, Fiedler, Hersey and
Blanchard, Tannenbaum and Schmidt,
Interactional Leadership theories:
Hollander,leaadership as dynamic two-way
process,
Theory Z- Ouchi,(an expansion of
McGregors Theory X-Y
Kanter,
Nelson and Burns
Transactional and Transformational
Leadership
Great Man Theory
From Aristotelian philosophy, asserts that some
people are born to lead
Assumed that all leaders were men and all
were great.
Assumed leadership by their genetic and
social inheritance.
Not widely accepted today, but that was
what the world thought of leaders for many
years.
Not conceivable that working class could
be leaders
Trait Theories (early part of 20
th

century

Assume that some people have certain
characteristics
Studies revealed that these leaders
possessed multiple characteristics.
Stogdill(1974) developed a profile of
successful leaders and traits.
Bass, 1990 classified three categories:
intelligence, personality, abilities.
Traits that still used to describe
successful leaders of today
Intelligence self-confidence
Knowledge personal integrity
Judgment interpersonal skills
Decisiveness tact
Oral fluency diplomacy
Emotional intelligence prestige
Independence social participation
Adaptibility
Creativity
alertness
Answer the following:
List additional characteristics that you
believe an effective leader possesses
Which leadership characteristics do you
have?
Do you believe that you were born with
leadership skills, or have you consciously
develop them during your lifetime? If so,
how did you develop them?
Leadership Qualities
Warren Bennis , 2004 present to the American
Society of Association Executives Foundation
Forum six competencies of a leader:
1. leaders must foster a clear vision with an
endowed purpose that is owned by the
people involved with the leader.
Leaders must keep reminding people of what
is important because people can really forget
what they are there for. Getting people to
support a vision or mission.
Being optimistic and see possibilities
Must Create a culture of candor. Such a
culture requires integrity, balance of
ambition, competence, and having a
moral compass. When integrity is lost, a
culture of candor cannot be created,
and one cannot be effective leader.