BASIC ELECTRICITY II

Introduction
HISTORY
The term magnetism comes from the ancient Greek city of Magnesia,
at which many natural magnets were found.

We now refer to these natural magnets as lodestones (also spelled
loadstone; lode means to lead or to attract) which contain magnetite, a
natural magnetic material Fe
3
O
4
.
These magnets were used by the ancient peoples as compasses to guide
sailing vessels.

Chinese as early as 121 AD knew that an iron rod which had been
brought near one of these natural magnets would acquire and retain the
magnetic propertyand that such a rod when suspended from a string
would align itself in a north-south direction.

Use of magnets to aid in navigation can be traced back to at least the
eleventh century.


William Gilbert, an
English physician, first
proposed in 1600 that the
earth itself is a magnet,
and he predicted that the
Earth would be found to
have magnetic poles.
What is Magnetism?
Magnetism is the force of
attraction or repulsion of a
magnetic material due to the
arrangement of its atoms,
particularly its electrons.
ELECTRON THEORY OF MAGNETISM
According to modern theory
, a piece of ferromagnetic
substance consists of a
very large number of very
small magnets which may
consists of atoms or
molecules.

These magnets are
arranged in random
orientations







When the body is magnetized in any
manner, these magnets wheel around
and align themselves along the
direction of the magnetic field.
Atoms themselves have magnetic properties due
to the spin of the atoms electrons.
These areas of atoms are called domains

Groups of atoms join so that their magnetic
fields
are all going in the same direction
What are magnetic domains?
Magnetic substances like iron, cobalt, and nickel are composed of small
areas where the groups of atoms are aligned like the poles of a magnet.
All of the domains of a magnetic substance tend to align themselves in
the same direction when placed in a magnetic field. These domains are
typically composed of billions of atoms.
When an unmagnetized substance is placed in a magnetic
field, the substance can become magnetized.
This happens when the spinning electrons line up in the
same direction.
How to break a magnet:
1. Drop it
2. Heat it
This causes the
domains to become
random again!
REMEMBER:
FOR EVERY NORTH, THERE IS A
SOUTH
Every magnet has at least one north pole and one south pole.

If you take a bar magnet and break it into two pieces, each piece will
again have a North pole and a South pole. If you take one of those
pieces and break it into two, each of the smaller pieces will have a
North pole and a South pole. No matter how small the pieces of the
magnet become, each piece will have a North pole and a South pole.
S N S N S N
NO MONOPOLES ALLOWED

It has not been shown to be possible to end up with a single
North pole or a single South pole, which is a monopole
("mono" means one or single, thus one pole).







S
N
The ends of a magnet are where the magnetic
effect is the
strongest. These are called poles. Each
magnet has
2 poles 1 north, 1 south.
Like repels like
Opposites attract!
If you cut a magnet in half,
you get 2 magnets!
Magnetic Fields
The region where the magnetic forces
act is called the magnetic field
The Concept of Fields
A magnet has a
magnetic field
distributed throughout
the surrounding space
Michael Faraday
realized that ...
MAGNETIC FIELD LINES
Magnetic field lines describe the structure of magnetic
fields.

Field lines converge where the magnetic force is strong,
and spread out where it is weak. For instance, in a compact
bar magnet or "dipole," field lines spread out from one pole
and converge towards the other, and of course, the
magnetic force is strongest near the poles where they come
together.
The Earth is a magnet:
Magnetic South Pole
Magnetic North Pole
It exerts magnetic
forces and is
surrounded by a
magnetic field that is
strongest near the
North and South
magnetic poles
Geographic North Pole
Geographic South Pole
We use the Earths magnetic field to find direction.
The needle of a compass always points toward the magnetic
south pole.
We call this direction North (remember, opposites attract)
CLASSIFICATION OF MAGNETS
1. NATURAL MAGNET - lodestone

2. ARTIFICIAL MAGNET OR MANMADE
MAGNET
(A) temporary- ex. electromagnet
(B) permanent- ex. bar magnet

PRODUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL MAGNET
1. Rubbing an iron with a natural magnet
2. allowing electric current to flow
through a coil of wire that surrounds a
soft iron or steel
3. Heating the soft iron red hot and then
cooling it in between the poles of a
natural magnet
4. Jarring or hammering the soft iron
gently between the poles of either
natural or permanent magnet.
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
1. FERROMAGNETIC- strongly attracted by
magnets and can be readily magnetized Ex.
Iron, cobalt, nickel
2. PARAMAGNETIC- slightly attracted by
magnets Ex. Oxygen, platinum, aluminum
3. DIAMAGNETIC- nonmagnetic and slightly
repelled by magnets Ex gold, mercury,
silver, sodium chloride
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electricity and Magnetism how
are they related?
When an electric current passes through a wire a
magnetic field is formed.
MAGNETIC FIELD AROUND A CURRENT
CARRYING CONDUCTOR

When an electric field current flows in a
conductor, a magnetic field is set up around the
conductor.
Magnetism due to current passing through
conductors or coils is referred to as
electromagnetism
When current passes through a straight wire, a
magnetic field is created in such a way that the
flux lines surround the wire in concentric circles.
The field strength varies inversely as the distance
from the wire since lines of force are densest at
the surface of the wire and decrease with the
increasing distance from the wire


A magnetic field is that region in which a magnetic
material is acted upon by a magnetic force.
DETERMINING THE DIRECTION OF THE
MAGNETIC FLUX
The direction of the flux lines can be obtained by two
simple rules.

a. RIGHT HAND RULE- Grasp the wire with the right
hand, when the thumb points in the direction of current
flow, the fingers show the direction of the magnetic lines
of force around the conductor. [ see FIGURE ]

b. RIGHT HAND SCREW RULE-The directions of the
lines of forces and current in wire are related to each
other by the direction of a screw is turned and the
forward direction screw.


RIGHT HAND RULE
RIGHT HAND SCREW RULE
TWO WIRES CARRYING A CURRENT
Since a current carrying conductor has a
magnetic field around it, when two current
carrying conductors are brought together
there will be interaction between the fields.
Force of repulsion exists between conductors
carrying currents in opposite direction
Force of attraction exists between
conductors carrying currents in the same
direction.
Now consider the effect of passing a current
through a one-turn coil of wire.
RIGHT HAND RULE FOR DETERMINING
THE DIRECTION OF FLUX FROM A
SOLENOID
When the solenoid is gripped with the right
hand such that the fingers are pointing in the
direction of current flow in the coils, the
thumb points to the direction of the flux (i.e.
toward the N-pole end of the solenoid)

RIGHT HAND RULE FOR DETERMINING THE
DIRECTION OF FLUX FROM A SOLENOID

MAGNETIC FLUX AND FLUX DENSITY
MAGNETIC FLUX
Referred to as the total lines of force in a magnetic
field
-the letter symbol for magnetic flux is the Greek letter
(phi)
is the flux in a magnetic circuit which is the counter
part of current in an electric circuit.
SI unit is Weber ( Wb); CGS unit is maxwells
If the flux linking a single-turn coil builds up from zero
at a rate which will induce an average emf of 1 volt in
the coil, at the end of one second the flux linking the
coil will have a magnitude of 1 weber.
1 weber= 1 x10 maxwells

FLUX DENSITY
Flux per unit cross sectional area is called
flux density.
Letter symbol for flux density is
SI unit is Tesla (T)


Where: = is flux density in
teslas ( or Wb/m)
= is total lines of force
in a magnetic circuit in Wb.
A= area in square meter


MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE AND
MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH
MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE
Just as an electric current is the result of an
electromotive force(emf) acting on the
electric circuit, so as magnetic flux is
produced by a magnetomotive force,
(mmf) , acting upon the magnetic circuit.
In case of a solenoid or any other current-
carrying coil, the magnetomotive force is the
product of the current and the number of
turns on the coil.
Magnetomotive force in a magnetic circuit is the
counter part of electromotive force in an electric
circuit
The ampere is the SI unit of magnetomotive force
the ampere-turn is the practical unit of
magnetomotive force


Where : Fm or =magnetomotive
force in ampere
(effective)
N = number of turns of wire in
the coil
I = is the actual current through
the coil in amperes

MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH

Magnetomotive force per unit length is called
magnetic field intensity
It is sometimes called magnetic field
INTENSITY , magnetizing force or mmf
gradient.
The letter symbol for magnetic field intensity
is H

Where H = magnetic field
intensity in ampere-turns
per meter,
Fm = magnetomotive
force in ampere-turns
l= is the length of the
magnetic circuit in
meters

FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING
CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
(a) The figure shows an end view of a current-carrying
conductor in a magnetic field. Conductor current
flowing away from the viewer.

When the field flux has vertically down
direction indicated, the flux from the
conductor tends to assist the field flux on the
right hand side of the conductor. The
conductor flux also opposes the field flux on
the left-hand side of the conductor.
The effect of this is to produce a force that
pushes the conductor to the left.
(b) Conductor current flowing
toward the viewer
When the current direction is reversed, the
flux around the conductor is in
counterclockwise direction.
The result is a force that pushes the
conductor to the right.
Note: the conductor must be at right angles
to the direction of the magnetic flux;
maximum force is not generated.
The actual force acting upon a current-carrying
conductor in a magnetic field is proportional to
the flux density of the field/ flux set-up around
the conductor.
Since the flux set-up around the conductor is
directly proportional to the current , the force is
proportional to the current and tot he flux density
of the magnetic field.



F= I
L


Where is flux density in teslas
I is in amperes
L is in meters
F is in newtons

TURNING EFFECT
(A) SINGLE-TURN COIL PIVOTED IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
(b) Showing the force on
each side of a single-turn
coil pivoted in a magnetic
field.


The Simple arrangement
illustrated is the basic
moving part of an electric
measuring instrument and
also the principle behind
the electric motor.
Consideration of the current direction through the coil
shows that a downward force is exerted on its left-hand
side, while an upward force is exerted on its right-hand
side.
Since there were two lengths (l) of conductor within the
magnetic field, the force exerted on the coil is :
F= 2 I (newtons )
if the coil has N turns : F= 2 I N
If the force acts at a radius r, the torque acting on the coil is :
T=Fr=2 I r (N-m)