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Why this man can do actions???

Module 2
Body Coordination
Body coordination
Is the adjustment (penyelarasan) of our
bodys responses towards any stimuli
(rangsangan) around us that involve
several parts of the body.
Involve the adjustment of organs,
limbs and body systems
Stimuli : temperature change
What do you think the dog will do?
Body coordination
Classified into
Nervous
system
Hormonal system
Uses nerve signals (impulses) to
coordinate our body system
Whereas hormonal coordination
uses chemical messengers
(hormone) for the purpose
Nervous system
Central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
Consist of
Nervous system
Controlled by
Nervous system
Walking, writing, singing
Controls activities like
Hormonal coordination
Controlled by
Endocrine system
Body growth, reproduction
Controls activities like

Situation 1
The dancer in the picture
are listening to some
music as they dance to
its rhythm.

How are they able to do so
many things at the same
time?
Situation 1
The activities in the human
body are controlled and
regulated by 2
coordination systems,
namely the nervous
system and the hormonal
system.
Situation 2
A man just finished jogging at
the field. He is thirsty. The
man takes some water and
pour in a glass.

a)Is this action is body
coordination?

b)Why?
Situation 2
A man just finished jogging at the field. He is
thirsty. The man takes some water and pour in a
glass.

a)Is this action is body coordination?


b)Why?
Yes
The stimulus is thisty and the body action is
the hand pour the water and drink.
Importance of body coordination
1. The body coordination system
coordinates all our bodys activities to
produce appropriate responses as and
when required
2. Body coordination adapts the condition
of our body to the changing environment
level of hormones in our bodies
Importance of body coordination
3. The system also helps us to avoid
potentially dangerous situations
2.2 Human nervous system
There are two nervous system :
a) Central nervous system
b) Peripheral nervous system
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Is the centre of coordination in
humans.
It consists of the brain and the spinal
cord.
Central
nervous
system
brain
Spinal
cord
Spinal
nerves
Cranial
nerves
Autonomic
nervous
system
Somatic
nervous
system
Peripheral
nervous
system
Brain controls all activities of the body,
like walking and seeing.
Spinal cord controls the reflex actions
like pulling the hand away when the
fingers touch a hot object.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
The central nervous system receives
impulses from the sensory organs or
other parts of the body for interpretation.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
The human peripheral nervous
system consists of the autonomic
nervous system and the somatic
nervous system.
Peripheral nervous system controls
both voluntary and involuntary
actions.
Spinal
nerves
Cranial
nerves
Autonomic
nervous
system
Somatic
nervous
system Peripheral
nervous
system
Cranial nerves Control voluntary actions
(connect the brain to sensory organs in the
head and neck like the eyes, nose, ears,
tongue and jaws
Somatic nervous system
Actions - Talking, smelling and
seeing.
Spinal nerves Control voluntary actions
(connect the spinal cord with parts of the
body like the limbs, skin and abdomen)
Somatic nervous system
Actions walking, scratching and
running
Control involuntary actions
(connect the spinal cord to internal
organs and glands like liver, kidneys,
heart and lungs)
Autonomic nervous system
Group activity 1
What will happen if a person
sustains injury to his spinal cord?
Group activity 1
The person will become paralysed.
Central nervous system
Human nervous system
peripheral nervous system
Brain
Spinal
cord
Somatic
nervous
system
Autonomic
nervous
system
Type of actions
divided into
Voluntary
action
Involuntary
action
Somatic nervous
system
controlled by
Autonomic nervous
system
controlled by
Spinal nerves
Somatic nervous
system
Seeing
Smelling
Hearing
i.e.
Cranial nerves
Writing
Dancing
Running
Autonomic nervous system
i.e.
Enzyme secretion
Breathing
Heartbeat
Food digestion

Exercise: A and B
(Pg 4 and 5)
2.2 Understanding
the human nervous
system
Vocabulary
Impulse : a message or information
in the form of electrical signals,
which travel fast through the nerve
Neurone : a basic unit of the nervous
system to carry impulse

Part of neurone Function
Cell body
I) contains the nucleus
ii) controls all the activities of
neurone


Dendron
carries impulses
Parts of the neurone and its
functions
Dendrite
Receives impulses from
other neurone and transmits
them to cell body
Axon Conducts impulse away from
the cell body towards another
neuron or muscle or gland

Myelin sheath
i) Insulator on axon that
prevents the leakage of
impulse
ii) Increases the speed of
impulse transmission
Parts of the neurone and its functions
An example of a neuroglial cell
Schwann cell
This wraps around the axon in multiple layers
It is composed of a fatty material called
Myelin
Regular breaks in the myelin sheath are called
Node of Ranvier

Neurone
There are three types of neurones
in a human body.
i. Sensory neurone
ii. Relay neurone/ Intermediate neurone
iii. Motor neurone
Sensory neurone

Cell body
receptor
axon
Dendrite
Sensory neurone
Position of cell body: in the middle of
neurone
Function: carries impulse from the
sensory organ/receptor to the
central nervous system
Length of axon : short
Relay neurone/ intermediate
neurone
axon
cytoplasm
Dendrite
Dendron
nucleus
Cell body
Relay neurone
Position: At the end of neurone
Function: Transmits impulse from
sensory neurone to the motor
neurone
Length of axon : changes
axon
Cell body
Dendrite
Dendron
Myelin
sheath
Nerve end
nucleus
Motor neurone
Motor neurone
Position: At the end of neurone
Function: Transmits impulse from
central nervous system to the
effector/ muscle
Length of axon : Long

Your subtopic goes here
Sensory
neurone
Motor
neurone
Relay
neurone
COMPARE AND
CONTRAST THE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
NEURONE
similarities
1. Each has a cell body containing
nuclues, dendrone, dendrite and
axon.
2. the main role is to receive and
transmitted impulse
Differences
Sensory neurone:
Location: sensory organ
Structure: cell body in the middle of
neurone
Function: carries impulses from
sensory organ to central nervous
system
Differences
Relay neurone:
Location: between sensory neurone
and motor neurone
Structure: cell body at the central of
neurone
Function: transmitts impulses from
sensory neurone to motor neurone
Differences
Motor neurone:
Location: muscle or effector
Structure: cell body at the end of
neurone
Function: transmitts impulses from
central nervous system to effector
One day your brain could interact directly with a
computer using a brain-computer interface.
Group Activity 2
Situation 4:
A man wants to drink the water.
The sensory neurone carries impulses from eyes to
central nervous system and the brain transmits
impulses to hand put the glass of water.
a) What neurone:
X =
Y =
Z =
Group Activity 2
Z
Y
X
Group Activity 2
Situation 4:
A man wants to drink the water.
The sensory neurone carries impulses from eyes to central
nervous system and the brain transmits impulses to hand put the
glass of water.
a) What neurone:
X = Relay neurone
Y = Motor neurone
Z = Sensory neurone
Group Activity 2
Situation 5:
How do you differentiate the sensory neurone from
the motor neurone?
Group Activity 2
Situation 5:
How do you differentiate the sensory neurone from
the motor neurone?
The cell body of sensory neurone is situated
in the middle of the neurone whereas the
cell body of motor neurone is situated at the
end of the neurone.
A system that controls all of the activities of the
body.
The nervous system is made of:
The brain
The spinal cord
The nerves
The senses
The Central Nervous System is made of the brain
and the spinal cord.
The Central Nervous System controls everything in the body.

Relationship between receptors, neurones and
effectors in our nervous system.
When receptors in the sensory organs receive
stimuli, they will generate impulse
The impulse will then be conducted by the
sensory neurones to the relay neurones in
the central nervous system.
The relay neurones connect the sensory
neurones with the motor neurones.
Then, the motor neurones will conduct impulses
from the central nervous system to the
effectors which then carry out appropriate
responses.
2.3 Analysing the
nervous coordination
Receptors and effectors
Receptor
Function : Sensory organ which
detects stimuli resulting from the
changes in the surroundings.
Organ involved : eyes, ears, tongue,
nose and skin.

Thermo-receptors
Location:
Skin
Hypothalamus
Body Core
Function:
Sensation of hot and
cold
Detects change in
body core temp.
Mechano-receptors
Location:
Skin
Skeletal muscle
Inner ear
Function:
Touch
Pressure
Muscle movement
Motion
Sound
Chemo-receptors
Location:
Nose
Tongue (taste buds)
Blood vessels
Function:
Smell
Taste
Detects levels of CO
2

in blood
Photo-receptors
Location:
Eyes
Function:
Allow vision thru detection of light

Pain-receptors
Location:
Everywhere, except
the brain
Function:
Sensation of pain
Detects chemicals
released by damaged
cells
Effector
Function : an organ which responds
to the stimuli
Organ involved : muscles and glands
Reflex action
Automatic and fast response of the body
towards external stimuli without the
involvement of thinking or the cerebrum
Reflex action take place in the spinal cord
Receptor Spinal cord
Reflex action
Impulse Impulse
Reflex action
Reflex action protect us from dangerous
situations or injuries.
The path of a reflex action is called reflex
arc.
The path of a reflex actions is called a
reflex arc.

a) If the hand pricked by a sharp pin, the receptors
of sensory cells in the skin are stimulated. Nerve
impulse is triggered.


b) The impulse travels along the sensory neurons
to the spinal cord.



c) The impulse passes through synapses to the
relay neurons.




The path of a reflex actions is called a
reflex arc.

d) The impulse travels along the relay neurones.


e) The crosses synapses to the motor neurones.




f) It travels along the motor neurons to the
muscles.





g) The muscles contract and jerk the hand from the
sharp pin.





The Synapse
The Synapse

Examples of other reflex actions are:
a) Jerking away of hand when in contact with a hot
kettle.
b) Lifting a leg when the foot accidentally
steps on a nail.
c) Coughing when chocked on something.
d) Blinking the eyes to avoid the entry of small
insects or dust
Group Activity 3
1. Fill in the suitable word in the boxes the flow
chart of reflex arc.
Group Activity 3
Situation 6:
When dust gets into our nose. We sneeze.
a) Identify the stimulus and response of a reflex
action.
Stimulus:
Response:
b) How does this response protect us?
* An automatic reaction that happens without thinking about
it.
* A reflex happens quickly in less than a second.
Your reactions are automatic.
Automatic means that you do not have to think about your
reactions.
Example: If a bug flies by your eye,
you will blink.
The Synapse
parkinsons

parkinson

2.4 Understanding the
role of proprioceptors
in maintaining balance
and coordination
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Vocabulary
Proprioceptors: a receptor that are sensitive to
the movement, pressure or stretching within
the body.
2014/6/23 97
Proprioceptors can be found in muscles,
joints, ligament and tendons.
The tension of muscles, joints, ligaments or
tendons will stimulate the Proprioceptors to
trigger an impulse and transmit through the
nerves to the brain.
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After interpretation, an impulse from the
brain will be transmitted to parts of the
body to coordinate suitable reaction.
Proprioceptors acts as Kinaesthetic senses
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Playing the piano without looking
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Combing hair without looking at a mirror
KINAESTHETIC SENSE
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Riding bicycles without looking at the pedals
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Tying shoelaces without looking
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Importance of Kinaesthetic
Enable us to be aware (conscious) of
the movement and position of the
posture of our body to maintain
balance.
Enable us to detect movements of our body
parts without using our eyes.
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Gymnast can perform complex movements with
the help of proprioceptors
2014/6/23 105

2014/6/23 106
Rabbit brain
Human brain
Cat brain
2.5 Understanding the
human brain and its
complexity

2014/6/23 109
Brain
Is a part of the central nervous system
Is protected by a hard bone structure called the
cranium (tengkorak)
Main function is receives impulses from sensory
organs, interprets and sends impulse to the effectors.
Can also store information.
Control centre that coordinates all body
activities.
2014/6/23 110
Structure of the human brain
The human brain is divided into three
main parts:
a)Cerebrum
b)Cerebellum
c)Medulla oblongata

2014/6/23 111
Structure of the human brain
Cerebrum
Medulla Oblongata
Cerebellum
2014/6/23 112
Cerebrum
The largest part of the brain
Surface area is expanded by numerous
folds
Large number of neurons are located
here
The Controls centre of voluntary actions
2014/6/23 113
P: Cerebrum
Controls mental,
sensory activities
and voluntary
activities
Cerebrum function
a) Controls mental activities like thinking,
memory and emotions.
b) Control senses like sight, hearing,
smelling and touching.
c) Control muscle movement like walking,
writing and running.


2014/6/23 115
Cerebellum
Located under the cerebrum and at
the back of the medulla oblongata
The second largest part of the brain
Surface area is expanded by
numerous folds
2014/6/23 116
Cerebellum
Controls body balance
Examples of activities:
cycling
Coordinates muscle
movement
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Medulla Oblongata
The lowest part of the brain
Connects the brains with the spinal cord
Controls involuntary actions such as
breathing, heartbeat, peristalsis and
sneezing
2014/6/23 118
Q: Medulla oblongata
Controls
involuntary actions
Examples of
activities: breathing,
heartbeat, sneezing
Group Activity 4 : label the structure of the
brain
a)
b)
c)
2. Classify the actions or activities given
under the respective regions of the brain
responsible for them.

Dancing Sneezing
(bersin)
Toddling
(bertatih)
Walking
Cycling Swallowing
(menelan)
Looking Listening

Holding
(memega
ng)
Tasting Coughing
(batuk)
Knee-
jerking
(sentak)
Group Activity 4 : label the structure of the
brain
a) Cerebrum
b) Cerebellum c) Medulla oblongata
Region of the brain
Cerebrum
Dancing
Looking
Listening
Tasting
Holding
Walking
Region of the brain
Cerebellum
Cycling
Toddling
Region of the brain
Medulla Oblongata
Sneezing
Coughing
knee jerking
Swallowing
2014/6/23 125
Voluntary actions
Actions we are aware of and which are done
according to our intention
Stimuli
Eye (receptors
produce impulse)
Brain
Conclusion is made
(the dog is fierce)
Muscle response (feet
move to leave the
place)
Impuls
e
Impuls
e
Impuls
e
Impuls
e
2014/6/23 126
Involuntary actions
Actions which carry on automatically
Such as peristalsis, blinking eyes,
yawning (menguap)
Comparison between voluntary
and involuntary action
Characteristics Voluntary
action
Involuntary
action
Nervous system
involved
Somatic
nervous
system
Autonomic
nervous
system
Characteristic
s
Voluntary
action
Involuntary
action
Part of brain in
control of
action

Cerebrum Medulla
oblongata
The speed of
response
Can be slowed
down or
speeded up

Fast

Characteristic
s
Voluntary
action
Involuntary
action
Type of
responses

Not autonomic autonomic
Awareness
(kesedaran)
There is
awareness

There is no
awareness
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Effects of injury to a certain
region of the brain
The brain is protected by the hard
cranium.
An injury to a certain region of the brain
resulting from an accident or sickness
will affect the function of a certain part
of the brain.
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Injury to the cerebrum will impair the ability of a
person to think and may cause paralysis. This is
why it is very important to wear a helmet when
riding a motorcycle.
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Injury to the
senses of sight
region
Deafness
Injury to the senses of
hearing
blindness
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Injury to the
cerebellum
results in the loss
of body balance
Injury to the
medulla oblongata
all involuntary
actions cease and
this can cause
death
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