PACEMAKER BATTERIES

Introduction -pacemaker

 Small electrical device that runs on

batteries.
 Watches electrical signal of our heart
and provide the electrical signal if our
heart does not do so.
 When heart produces its own
electrical signal then pacemaker
continue to monitor
Mercury cells

 Negative electrode - zinc

 Positive electrode -mercury liberated

from mercuric oxide

 Electrolyte -sodium hydroxide.

 Outer case –stainless steel.

 zn+ + NaOH ------> NaZnO + H+
(+ive ions with mercuric oxide gives
+ive ions of mercury and
water)
 2H+ + Hgo --------> Hg+ + H2O
(mercury ions combine with incoming
electron & neutralized)
 Hg+ +e- ----------> Hg
Lithium cells

 Anode --- lithium

 Cathode---iodine

 Life span more than 5 years

 Discharge time will be low.

 It will give low signal when they go beyond a particular

level.

 Efficiency is high.
Advantages

 Higher cell voltage.

 Higher capacity.
 Greater life span.
 Smaller size.
 Operation over a wide range of
temperature
Working of lithium cells

 Li --------------> Li+ + e-

 I2 + 2e- ---------> 2I-

 2Li + I2 -------------> 2LiI

Rechargeable batteries
 They are not wisely used because they are not reliable.

 Galvanic action in these cell evolves gas.

 If the cell is sealed these gases must be consumed in balancing reaction.

 So it is designed that the rate of evolution of oxygen gas from negative

electrode equal to the rate of recombination of with cadmium.
Nuclear cells

 Nuclear fuel can deliver enough

power to operate pacemakers.
 pu-238 produces radiation and hits
the container and thus produces the
heat.
 Thermopile is inserted which converts
thermal energy to electrical energy.
 Thermopile is stack of thermocouple.
High voltage nuclear cells

 Uses radioactive material.

 Radioactive material have too much of
energy and releases the extra energy
(electrons).
 It hits the outer surface and makes it
negative
 The two surfaces are perfectly insulated.
Low voltage nuclear cells

 Uses radioactive material.

 Here semiconductor is placed
between the emitter and collector.
 Hence moving of electrons will be
slow.
 Nuclear cells having long life time.
 But the patients are not willing to
accept due to danger through
radioactive radiation leakage.
External power sources using
Telemetry

 Here multivibrators are used which

generates desired pulses at the rate of 70
beats / minute.
 Pulses are used to turn R.F oscillator of
frequency 2 MHZ.
 Modulated R.F waves are amplified and
transmitted through the transmitter coil.
 This type is also not liked by the cardiac
patients.