Fundamentals of

Fundamentals of
Bus Bar Protection
Bus Bar Protection
GE Multilin
2
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Outline

Bus arrangements

Bus components

Bus protection techniques

CT Saturation

Application Considerations:

igh impedance !us differential rela"ing

#o$ impedance !us differential rela"ing

Special topics
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
1 2 3 n-1 n
ZONE 1
- - - -

%istri!ution and lo$er transmission &oltage le&els

'o operating fle(i!ilit"

Fault on the !us trips all circuit !rea)ers

Single !us * single !rea)er
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
ZONE 1
ZONE 2

%istri!ution and lo$er transmission &oltage le&els

#imited operating fle(i!ilit"

Multiple !us sections * single !rea)er
$ith !us tie
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
ZONE 1
ZONE 2

Transmission and distri!ution &oltage le&els

Brea)er maintenance $ithout circuit remo&al

Fault on a !us disconnects onl" the circuits !eing

connected to that !us
%ou!le !us * single !rea)er $ith !us tie
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
ZONE 1
MAIN BUS
TRANFER BUS

+ncreased operating fle(i!ilit"

A !us fault requires tripping all !rea)ers

Transfer !us for !rea)er maintenance

Main and transfer !uses
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
ZONE 1
ZONE 2

,er" high operating fle(i!ilit"

Transfer !us for !rea)er maintenance

%ou!le !us - single !rea)er $. transfer !us
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
ZONE 1
ZONE 2

igh operating fle(i!ilit"

#ine protection co&ers !us section !et$een t$o CTs

Fault on a !us does not distur! the po$er to circuits

%ou!le !us * dou!le !rea)er
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
ZONE 1
ZONE 2

/sed on higher &oltage le&els

More operating fle(i!ilit"

0equires more !rea)ers

Middle !us sections co&ered !" line or other

equipment protection
Brea)er*and*a*half !us
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014

igher &oltage le&els

igh operating fle(i!ilit" $ith minimum !rea)ers

Separate !us protection not required at line positions

B1 B2
TB1
L1
L2
L3 L4
TB1
0ing !us
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Bus components
!rea)ers
SF12 E, 3 , * S"nchropuff
#o$ ,oltage circuit !rea)ers
BUS 2
CB 1
BUS 1
ISO 1
ISO 2
ISO 3
BYPASS
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
-
+
F1a
F1c
Contact Input F1a On
Contact Input F1c On
F1b
I
S
O
L
A
T
O
R

1
ISOLATOR 1 OPEN
7B 7A
BUS 1
-
+
F1a
F1c
Contact Input F1a On
Contact Input F1c On
F1b
I
S
O
L
A
T
O
R

1
ISOLATOR 1 CLOSED
7B 7A
BUS 1
%isconnect s$itches 3 au(iliar"
contacts
BUS 2
CB 1
BUS 1
ISO 1
ISO 2
ISO 3
BYPASS
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
BUS 2
CB 1
BUS 1
ISO 1
ISO 2
ISO 3
BYPASS
Current Transformers
Oil insulated current
transformer 456), up to 788),9
Gas 4SF19 insulated current
transformer
Bushing t"pe 4medium
&oltage s$itchgear9
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Protection 0equirements
igh !us fault currents due to large num!er of circuits
connected:
CT saturation often !ecomes a pro!lem as CTs ma" not !e
sufficientl" rated for $orst fault condition case
large d"namic forces associated $ith !us faults require fast clearing
times in order to reduce equipment damage
False trip !" !us protection ma" create serious pro!lems:
ser&ice interruption to a large num!er of circuits 4distri!ution and
su!*transmission &oltage le&els9
s"stem*$ide sta!ilit" pro!lems 4transmission &oltage le&els9
:ith !oth dependa!ilit" and securit" important2 preference
is al$a"s gi&en to securit"
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Bus Protection Techniques

+nterloc)ing schemes

O&ercurrent 4;unrestrained< or ;un!iased<9

differential

O&ercurrent percent 4;restrained< or ;!iased<9

differential

#inear couplers

igh*impedance !us differential schemes

#o$*impedance !us differential schemes

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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
+nterloc)ing Schemes

Bloc)ing scheme t"picall"

used

Short coordination time

required

Care must !e ta)en $ith

possi!le saturation of feeder
CTs

Bloc)ing signal could !e

sent o&er communications
ports 4peer*to*peer9

This technique is limited to

simple one*incomer
distri!ution !uses
50
50 50 50 50 50
B
L
O
C
K
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
O&ercurrent 4unrestrained9
%ifferential
%ifferential signal formed !"
summation of all currents
feeding the !us
CT ratio matching ma" !e
required
On e(ternal faults2 saturated
CTs "ield spurious differential
current
Time dela" used to cope $ith
CT saturation

+nstantaneous differential OC
function useful on integrated
microprocessor*!ased rela"s
51
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
59
#inear Couplers
Z
C
= 2 20 - typi!" #i" i$p%&!'%
()* p%+ 1000A$p, =- 0.00) / 0012 3
+f = 7888
A
0 ! 10 ! 10 ! 0 ! 20 !
>888
A
2000 A ?888
A
8 A
0 !
E(ternal
Fault
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
59
#inear Couplers
E
sec
= +
prim
@A
m
* secondar" &oltage on rela" terminals
+
0
= +
prim
@A
m
.4B
0
CB
C
9

- minimum operating current
$here2
+
prim
- primar" current in each circuit
A
m
- liner coupler mutual reactance 46, per D888Amps =E 8F886 G 18H 9
B
0
- rela" tap impedance
B
C
- sum of all linear coupler self impedances
+f = 7888
A
8 A
0 ! 10 ! 10 ! 0 ! 20 !
0 !
>888
A
>888 A ?888 A 8 A
+nternal Bus
Fault
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014

Fast2 secure and pro&en

0equire dedicated air gap CTs2 $hich ma" not !e used

for an" other protection

Cannot !e easil" applied to reconfigura!le !uses

The scheme uses a simple &oltage detector - it does not

pro&ide !enefits of a microprocessor*!ased rela" 4eFgF
oscillograph"2 !rea)er failure protection2 other
functions9
#inear Couplers
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
igh +mpedance %ifferential
Operating signal created !"
connecting all CT secondaries in
parallel
o
CTs must all ha&e the same ratio
o
Must ha&e dedicated CTs
O&er&oltage element operates on
&oltage de&eloped across resistor
connected in secondar" circuit
o
0equires &aristors or AC shorting
rela"s to limit energ" during faults
Accurac" dependent on secondar"
circuit resistance
o
/suall" requires larger CT ca!les
to reduce errors higher cost
Cannot easily be alied to re!on"i#urable buses
and o""ers no ad$an!ed "un!tionality
)4
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Percent %ifferential

Percent characteristic
used to cope $ith CT
saturation and other
errors

0estraining signal can !e

formed in a num!er of
$a"s

'o dedicated CTs needed

/sed for protection of re*

configura!le !uses
possi!le
51 "7
n DIF
I I I I + + + = ...
2 1
n RES
I I I I + + + = ...
2 1
( )
n RES
I I I I ..., , , max
2 1
=
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
#o$ +mpedance Percent %ifferential
+ndi&idual currents sampled !" protection and summated digitall"
o
CT ratio matching done internall" 4no au(iliar" CTs9
o
%edicated CTs not necessar"
Additional algorithms impro&e securit" of percent differential
characteristic during CT saturation

%"namic !us replica allo$s application to reconfigura!le !uses

o
%one digitall" $ith logic to add.remo&e current inputs from differential
computation
o
S$itching of CT secondar" circuits not required

#o$ secondar" !urdens

Additional functionalit" a&aila!le

o
%igital oscillograph" and monitoring of each circuit connected to !us
Hone
o
Time*stamped e&ent recording
o
Brea)er failure protection
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
%igital %ifferential Algorithm Goals
+mpro&e the main differential algorithm operation
o
Better filtering
o
Faster response
o
Better restraint techniques
o
S$itching transient !loc)ing
Pro&ide d"namic !us replica for reconfigura!le !us !ars
%ependa!l" detect CT saturation in a fast and relia!le manner2
especiall" for e(ternal faults
+mplement additional securit" to the main differential algorithm to
pre&ent incorrect operation
o
E(ternal faults $ith CT saturation
o
CT secondar" circuit trou!le 4eFgF short circuits9
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
#o$ +mpedance %ifferential
4%istri!uted9
%ata Acquisition /nits 4%A/s9
installed in !a"s
Central Processing /nit 4CP/9
processes all data from %A/s
Communications !et$een
%A/s and CP/ o&er fi!er using
proprietar" protocol
Sampling s"nchronisation
!et$een %A/s is required
Percei&ed less relia!le 4more
hard$are needed9
%ifficult to appl" in retrofit
applications
5 2
# A U
5 2
# A U
5 2
# A U
C U
c o p p $ %
& ' b $ %
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
#o$ +mpedance %ifferential
4CentraliHed9
All currents applied to a single
central processor
'o communications2 e(ternal
sampling s"nchronisation
necessar"
Percei&ed more relia!le 4less
hard$are needed9
:ell suited to !oth ne$ and
retrofit applicationsF
5 2 5 2 5 2
C U
c o p p $ %
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
CT Saturation
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
CT Saturation Concepts
CT saturation depends on a num!er of factors
o
Ph"sical CT characteristics 4siHe2 rating2 $inding resistance2
saturation &oltage9
o
Connected CT secondar" !urden 4$ires C rela"s9
o
Primar" current magnitude2 %C offset 4s"stem A.09
o
0esidual flu( in CT core
Actual CT secondar" currents ma" not !eha&e in the same manner as
the ratio 4scaled primar"9 current during faults
End result is spurious differential current appearing in the
summation of the secondar" currents $hich ma" cause differential
elements to operate if additional securit" is not applied
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
CT Saturation
(at'o Cu%%$nt C) Cu%%$nt
(at'o Cu%%$nt C) Cu%%$nt
'o %C Offset

:a&eform remains fairl"

s"mmetrical
:ith %C Offset

:a&eform starts off !eing

as"mmetrical2 then
s"mmetrical in stead"
state
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
E(ternal Fault 3 +deal CTs
Fault starts at t
8
Stead"*state fault conditions occur at t
D
*
'
&
&
$
%
$
n
t
'
a
+
% $ , t % a ' n ' n -
t
0
t
1
+deal CTs ha&e no saturation or mismatch errors thus
produce no differential current
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
E(ternal Fault 3 Actual CTs
Fault starts at t
8
Stead"*state fault conditions occur at t
D
*
'
&
&
$
%
$
n
t
'
a
+
% $ , t % a ' n ' n -
t
0
t
1
Actual CTs do introduce errors2 producing some
differential current 4$ithout CT saturation9
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
E(ternal Fault $ith CT Saturation
Fault starts at t
8
2 CT !egins to saturate at t
D
CT full" saturated at t
>
*
'
&
&
$
%
$
n
t
'
a
+
% $ , t % a ' n ' n -
t
0
t
1
t
2
CT saturation causes increasing differential current that
ma" enter the differential element operate regionF
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Some Methods of Securing Bus
%ifferential
Bloc) the !us differential for a period of time 4intentional dela"9
o
+ncreases securit" as !us Hone $ill not trip $hen CT saturation is present
o
Pre&ents high*speed clearance for internal faults $ith CT saturation or
e&ol&ing faults
Change settings of the percent differential characteristic 4usuall"
Slope >9
o
+mpro&es securit" of differential element !" increasing the amount of
spurious differential current needed to incorrectl" trip
o
%ifficult to e(plicitl" de&elop settings 4+s 18I slope enoughJ Should it !e
K6IJ9
Appl" directional 4phase comparison9 super&ision
o
+mpro&es securit" !" requiring all currents flo$ into the !us Hone !efore
asserting the differential element
o
Eas" to implement and test
o
Sta!le e&en under se&ere CT saturation during e(ternal faults
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
igh*+mpedance
Bus %ifferential
Considerations
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
igh +mpedance ,oltage*operated
0ela"
E(ternal Fault

59 element set abo$e ma% ossible $olta#e de$eloed

a!ross relay durin# e%ternal "ault !ausin# &orst !ase C'
saturation

(or internal "aults) e%tremely *i#* $olta#es +&ell abo$e 59

element i!,u- &ill de$elo a!ross relay
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
igh +mpedance ,oltage Operated
0ela" 0atio matching $ith Multi*ratio CTs

.li!ation o" *i#* imedan!e di""erential relays &it* C's o"

di""erent ratios but ratio mat!*in# tas is ossible) but !ould
lead to $olta#e ma#ni"i!ation/

0olta#e de$eloed a!ross "ull &indin# o" taed C' does not
e%!eed C' ratin#) terminal blo!,s) et!/
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
igh +mpedance ,oltage Operated
0ela" 0atio matching $ith Multi*ratio CTs

1se o" au%iliary C's to obtain !orre!t ratio mat!*in# is also

ossible) but t*ese C's must be able to deli$er enou#*
$olta#e ne!essary to rodu!e relay oeration "or internal
"aults/
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Electromechanical igh +mpedance Bus
%ifferential 0ela"s

Single phase rela"s

igh*speed

igh impedance &oltage sensing

igh seismic +OC unit

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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Op$%at'n- t'.$/ 20 0 30., 1 I 2 13545K5
P *!ased igh*+mpedance Bus
%ifferential Protection 0ela"s
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
0
ST
= >888 * sta!iliHing resistor to limit the current
through the rela"2 and force it to the lo$er impedance
CT $indingsF
MO, - Metal O(ide ,aristor to limit the &oltage to
DL88 ,olts
71 - latching contact pre&enting the resistors from
o&erheating after the fault is detected
igh +mpedance Module for %igital
0ela"s
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
igh*+mpedance Module
C
O&ercurrent 0ela"
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014

Fast2 secure and pro&en

0equires dedicated CTs2 prefera!l" $ith the same CT ratio

and using full tap

Can !e applied to small !uses

%epending on !us internal and e(ternal fault currents2

high impedance !us diff ma" not pro&ide adequate
settings for !oth sensiti&it" and securit"

Cannot !e easil" applied to reconfigura!le !uses

0equire &oltage limiting &aristor capa!le of a!sor!ing

significant energ"

Ma" require au(iliar" CTs

%o not pro&ide full !enefits of microprocessor*!ased rela"

s"stem 4eFgF metering2 monitoring2 oscillograph"2 etcF9
igh +mpedance Bus Protection *
Summar"
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
#o$*+mpedance
Bus %ifferential
Considerations
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
P*!ased #o$*+mpedance 0ela"s

'o need for dedicated CTs

+nternal CT ratio mismatch compensation

Ad&anced algorithms supplement percent differential

protection function ma)ing the rela" &er" secure

%"namic !us replica 4!us image9 principle is used in

protection of reconfigura!le !us !ars2 eliminating the
need for s$itching ph"sicall" secondar" current circuits

+ntegrated Brea)er Failure 4BF9 function can pro&ide

optimal tripping strateg" depending on the actual
configuration of a !us !ar
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Jun 23, 2014
/p to >? Current +nputs
? Bones
Bone D = Phase A
Bone > = Phase B
Bone 5 = Phase C
Bone ? = 'ot used
%ifferent CT 0atio Capa!ilit"
for Each Circuit
#argest CT Primar" is Base in
0ela"
>*7 Circuit Applications
Small Bus Applications
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
0ela" D * >? Current +nputs
? Bones
Bone D = Phase A 4D> currents9
Bone > = Phase B 4D> currents9
Bone 5 = 'ot used
Bone ? = 'ot used
C3 12 C3 11
%ifferent CT 0atio Capa!ilit" for Each Circuit
#argest CT Primar" is Base in 0ela"
0ela" > * >? Current +nputs
? Bones
Bone D = 'ot used
Bone > = 'ot used
Bone 5 = Phase C 4D> currents9
Bone ? = 'ot used
L*D> Circuit Applications
Medium to #arge Bus
Applications
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
#arge Bus Applications
56B p7!,% A
56B p7!,% B
56B p7!,% C
L#8i +%"!y
(,9it7 ,t!t:,;
#pti#'!" BF3
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
#arge Bus Applications
(or buses &it* u to 24 !ir!uits
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Summing E(ternal Currents
'ot 0ecommended for #o$*B 7KB rela"s

0ela" !ecomes com!ination

of restrained and unrestrained
elements

+n order to parallel CTs:

C' er"orman!e must be !losely

mat!*ed
o
.ny errors &ill aear as
di""erential !urrents
.sso!iated "eeders must be radial
o
4o ba!,"eeds ossible
5i!,u settin# must be raised to
a!!ommodate any errors
C)-1
C)-2
C)-3
C)-
I
3

6

0
I
2

6

0
I
1

6

E
%
%
o
%
I
#IFF
6 E%%o%
I
(ES)
6 E%%o%
M!"#p%+!ti#' i<
E++#+ - PIC=UP
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
%efinitions of 0estraint Signals
7.a4'.u. o&8
7-$o.$t%'ca+ a9$%a-$8
7,ca+$* ,u. o&8
7,u. o&8
n R
i i i i i + + + + = ...
3 2 1
( )
n R
i i i i
n
i + + + + = ...
1
3 2 1
( )
n R
i i i i Max i ,..., , ,
3 2 1
=
n
n R
i i i i i = ...
3 2 1
51
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
;Sum Of< &sF ;Ma( Of< 0estraint
Methods
;Sum Of< Approach
6ore restraint on e%ternal "aults7
less sensiti$e "or internal "aults
89!aled:9um ;"< aroa!* ta,es
into a!!ount number o"
!onne!ted !ir!uits and may
in!rease sensiti$ity

3rea,oint settin#s "or t*e

er!ent di""erential !*ara!teristi!
more di""i!ult to set
;Ma( Of< Approach

=ess restraint on e%ternal "aults7

more sensiti$e "or internal "aults

3rea,oint settin#s "or t*e

er!ent di""erential !*ara!teristi!
easier to set

3etter *andles situation &*ere

one C' may saturate !omletely
+99> sloe settin#s ossible-
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Bus %ifferential Adapti&e Approach
*
'
&
&
$
%
$
n
t
'
a
+
% $ , t % a ' n ' n -
R % 8 i # ' 1
: + o ; * ' & & $ % $ n t ' a +
c u % % $ n t , <
R % 8 i # ' 2
: = ' - = * ' & & $ % $ n t ' a +
c u % % $ n t , <
53
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Bus %ifferential Adapti&e #ogic
%iagram
DIF
L
DIR
SAT
DIF
1
O
R
A
N
D
O
R
56B BIASED OP
A
N
D
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Jun 23, 2014
Phase Comparison Principle

+nternal Faults: .ll "ault +8lar#e<- !urrents are aro%imately in

*ase/

E(ternal Faults: ;ne "ault +8lar#e<- !urrent &ill be out o" *ase

'o ,oltages are required or needed

S$con*a%> Cu%%$nt o&
Fau+t$* C'%cu't
:S$9$%$ C) Satu%at'on<
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Phase Comparison Principle
ContinuedM
B L O C =
O P E R A T E
B L O C =

p D
p
I I
I
real

p D
p
I I
I
imag
I
p
I
D
- I
p
E > t % + ' ! " F ! : " t C # ' & i t i # ' ,
O P E R A T E
B L O C =
B L O C =

p D
p
I I
I
real

p D
p
I I
I
imag
I
p
I
D
- I
p
I ' t % + ' ! " F ! : " t C # ' & i t i # ' ,
O P E R A T E
O P E R A T E
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Jun 23, 2014
CT Saturation
(ault starts at t
0
) C' be#ins to saturate at t
1
C' "ully saturated at t
2
*
'
&
&
$
%
$
n
t
'
a
+
% $ , t % a ' n ' n -
t
0
t
1
t
2
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
CT Saturation %etector State Machine
NORMAL
SAT := 0
EXTERNAL
FAULT
SAT := 1
EXTERNAL
FAULT & CT
SATURATION
SAT := 1
The differential
characteritic
entered
The differential!
retrainin" tra#ect$r%
$&t $f the differential
characteritic f$r
certain 'eri$d $f ti(e
at&rati$n
c$nditi$n
The differential
c&rrent )el$* the
firt l$'e f$r
certain 'eri$d $f
ti(e
58
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Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
CT Saturation %etector Operating
Principles

The 7KB SAT flag WILL NOT !e set during internal

faults2 regardless of $hether or not an" of the CTs
saturateF

The 7KB SAT flag WILL !e set during e(ternal faults2

regardless of $hether or not an" of the CTs saturateF

B" design2 the 7KB SAT flag WILL force the rela" to use
the additional 7KB %+0 phase comparison for 0egion >
The Saturation %etector :+## 'OT Bloc) the Operation
of the %ifferential Element - it $ill onl" Force >*out*of*
> Operation
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
CT Saturation %etector * E(amples
The oscillograph" records on the ne(t t$o slides $ere captured from
a B58 rela" under test on a real*time digital po$er s"stem simulator
First slide sho$s an e(ternal fault $ith deep CT saturation 4NDF6
msec of good CT performance9
o
SAT saturation detector flag asserts prior to B+ASE% POP !us
differential pic)up
o
%+0 directional flag does not assert 4one current flo$s out of
Hone92 so e&en though !us differential pic)s up2 no trip results
Second slide sho$s an internal fault $ith mild CT saturation
o
B+ASE% POP and B+ASE% OP !oth assert !efore %+0 asserts
o
CT saturation does not !loc) !us differential
More e(amples a&aila!le 4COMT0A%E files9 upon request
60
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
)=$ bu, *'&&$%$nt'a+
p%ot$ct'on $+$.$nt
p'c?, up *u$ to =$a9>
C) ,atu%at'on
)=$ C) ,atu%at'on &+a-
', ,$t ,a&$+> b$&o%$ t=$
p'c?up &+a-
)=$
*'%$ct'ona+ &+a-
', not ,$t
)=$ $+$.$nt
*o$, not
.a+op$%at$
#$,p't$ =$a9> C)
,atu%at'on t=$
$4t$%na+ &au+t cu%%$nt
', ,$$n 'n t=$
oppo,'t$ *'%$ct'on
CT Saturation E(ample - E(ternal Fault
0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
time, sec
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,

A
@1 .,
61
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
)=$ bu, *'&&$%$nt'a+
p%ot$ct'on $+$.$nt
p'c?, up
)=$ ,atu%at'on
&+a- ', not ,$t - no
*'%$ct'ona+
*$c','on %$Au'%$*
)=$ $+$.$nt
op$%at$, 'n
10.,
)=$
*'%$ct'ona+
&+a- ', ,$t
A++ t=$ &au+t cu%%$nt,
a%$ ,$$n 'n on$
*'%$ct'on
CT Saturation - +nternal Fault E(ample
62
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Appl"ing #o$*+mpedance %ifferential
0ela"s for Bus!ar Protection
Basic Topics

Configure ph"sical CT +nputs

Configure Bus Bone and %"namic Bus 0eplica

Calculating Bus %ifferential Element settings

Ad&anced Topics

+solator s$itch monitoring for reconfigura!le !uses

%ifferential Bone CT Trou!le

+ntegrated Brea)er Failure protection

63
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Configuring CT +nputs

For each connected CT circuit enter Primar" rating and

select Secondar" ratingF

Each 5*phase !an) of CT inputs must !e assigned to a

Signal Source that is used to define the Bus Bone and
%"namic Bus 0eplica
9ome relays de"ine 1 /u/ as t*e ma%imum
rimary !urrent o" all o" t*e C's !onne!ted in
t*e #i$en 3us ?one
64
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Per*/nit Current %efinition * E(ample
Current
Channel
Primar" Secondar" Bone
CT*
D
FD 3200 . D A D
CT*
>
F> >?88 A 6 A D
CT*
5
F5 D>88 A D A D
CT*
?
F? 5>88 A D A >
CT*
6
F6 D>88 A 6 A >
CT*
1
F1 5000 . 6 A >

For Bone D2 D pFuF = 5>88 AP

For Bone >2 D pFuF = 6888 AP

65
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Configuration of Bus Bone

%"namic Bus 0eplica associates a status signal $ith each

current in the Bus %ifferential Bone

Status signal can !e an" logic operand

o
Status signals can !e de&eloped in programma!le
logic to pro&ide additional chec)s or securit" as
required
o
Status signal can !e set to PO'Q if current is al$a"s in
the !us Hone or POFFQ if current is ne&er in the !us
Hone

CT connections.polarities for a particular !us Hone must

!e properl" configured in the rela"2 &ia either hard$ire or
soft$are
66
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Configuring the Bus %ifferential Bone
DF Configure the ph"sical CT +nputs
o
CT Primar" and Secondar" &alues
o
Both 6 A and D A inputs are supported !" the /0 hard$are
o
0atio compensation done automaticall" for CT ratio differences up to
5>:D
DF Configure AC Signal Sources
>F Configure Bus Bone $ith %"namic Bus 0eplica
Bus Bone settings defines the !oundaries of the
%ifferential Protection and CT Trou!le MonitoringF
67
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
%ual Percent %ifferential Characteristic
1i87
B+%!?p#i't
L#9
B+%!?p#i't
L#9 S"#p%
1i87 S"#p%
1i87 S%t
(U'+%,t+!i'%&3
Mi' Pi?:p
68
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Calculating Bus %ifferential Settings
The follo$ing Bus Bone %ifferential element parameters need to !e
set:
o
%ifferential Pic)up
o
0estraint #o$ Slope
o
0estraint #o$ Brea) Point
o
0estraint igh Brea)point
o
0estraint igh Slope
o
%ifferential igh Set 4if needed9

All settings entered in per unit 4ma(imum CT primar" in the Hone9

Slope settings entered in percent

#o$ Slope2 igh Slope and igh Brea)point settings are used !" the
CT Saturation %etector and define the 0egion D Area 4>*out*of*>
operation $ith %irectional9
69
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Calculating Bus %ifferential Settings -
Minimum Pic)up

%efines the minimum differential current required for

operation of the Bus Bone %ifferential element

Must !e set a!o&e ma(imum lea)age current not Honed

off in the !us differential Hone

Ma" also !e set a!o&e ma(imum load conditions for

added securit" in case of CT trou!le2 !ut !etter
alternati&es e(ist
70
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Calculating Bus %ifferential Settings -
#o$ Slope

%efines the percent !ias for the restraint currents from

+
0EST
=8 to +
0EST
=#o$ Brea)point

Setting determines the sensiti&it" of the differential

element for lo$*current internal faults

Must !e set a!o&e ma(imum error introduced !" the CTs

in their normal linear operating mode

0ange: D6I to D88I in DIF increments

71
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Calculating Bus %ifferential Settings -
#o$ Brea)point

%efines the upper limit to restraint currents that $ill !e

!iased according to the #o$ Slope setting

Should !e set to !e a!o&e the ma(imum load !ut not

more than the ma(imum current $here the CTs still
operate linearl" 4including residual flu(9

Assumption is that the CTs $ill !e operating linearl" 4no

significant saturation effects up to 78I residual flu(9 up
to the #o$ Brea)point setting
72
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Calculating Bus %ifferential Settings -
igh Brea)point

%efines the minimum restraint currents that $ill !e

!iased according to the igh Slope setting

Should !e set to !e !elo$ the minimum current $here

the $ea)est CT $ill saturate $ith no residual flu(

Assumption is that the CTs $ill !e operating linearl" 4no

significant saturation effects up to 78I residual flu(9 up
to the #o$ Brea)point setting
73
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Calculating Bus %ifferential Settings -
igh Slope

%efines the percent !ias for the restraint currents

+
0EST
igh Brea)point

Setting determines the sta!ilit" of the differential

element for high current e(ternal faults

Traditionall"2 should !e set high enough to accommodate

the spurious differential current resulting from
saturation of the CTs during hea&" e(ternal faults

Setting can !e rela(ed in fa&our of sensiti&it" and speed

as the rela" detects CT saturation and applies the
directional principle to pre&ent maloperation

0ange: 68I to D88I in DIF increments

74
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Calculating /nrestrained Bus
%ifferential Settings

%efines the minimum differential current for

unrestrained operation

Should !e set to !e a!o&e the ma(imum differential

current under $orst case CT saturation

0ange: >F88 to LLFLL pFuF in 8F8D pFuF increments

Can !e effecti&el" disa!led !" setting to LLFLL pFuF

75
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
%ual Percent %ifferential Characteristic
1i87
B+%!?p#i't
L#9
B+%!?p#i't
L#9 S"#p%
1i87 S"#p%
1i87 S%t
(U'+%,t+!i'%&3
Mi' Pi?:p
76
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
N O ( ) B B U S
S O U ) B B U S
C ) - "
B - 5
B - C
C ) - 5
C ) - C
S - 5
S - C
B - C ) -
S - 3
S -
B - 3 C ) - 3
S - 1
S - 2
B - 2 C ) - 2
C ) - 1
B - 1
C - 1 C - 2 C -
C - 3 C - 5
C ) - 7
B - 7
5%ot$ct'n- %$-con&'-u%ab+$ bu,$,
0econfigura!le Buses
77
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
N O ( ) B B U S
S O U ) B B U S
C ) - 7
C ) - "
B - 7
B - 5
B - C
C ) - 5
C ) - C
S - 5
S - C
B - C ) -
S - 3
S -
B - 3 C ) - 3
S - 1
S - 2
B - 2 C ) - 2
C ) - 1
B - 1
C - 1 C - 2 C -
C - 3 C - 5
5%ot$ct'n- %$-con&'-u%ab+$ bu,$,
0econfigura!le Buses
78
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
N O ( ) B B U S
S O U ) B B U S
C ) - 7
C ) - "
B - 7
B - 5
B - C
C ) - 5
C ) - C
S - 5
S - C
B - C ) -
S - 3
S -
B - 3 C ) - 3
S - 1
S - 2
B - 2 C ) - 2
C ) - 1
B - 1
C - 1 C - 2 C -
C - 3 C - 5
5%ot$ct'n- %$-con&'-u%ab+$ bu,$,
0econfigura!le Buses
79
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
N O ( ) B B U S
S O U ) B B U S
C ) - "
B - 5
B - C
C ) - 5
C ) - C
S - 5
S - C
B - C ) -
S - 3
S -
B - 3 C ) - 3
S - 1
S - 2
B - 2 C ) - 2
C ) - 1
B - 1
C - 1 C - 2 C -
C - 3 C - 5
C ) - 7
B - 7
5%ot$ct'n- %$-con&'-u%ab+$ bu,$,
0econfigura!le Buses
80
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
+solators

@eliable 8Isolator Closed< si#nals are needed "or t*e

Aynami! 3us @eli!a

In simle ali!ations) a sin#le normally !losed !onta!t

may be su""i!ient

(or ma%imum sa"etyB

o
3ot* 4/;/ and 4/C/ !onta!ts s*ould be used
o
Isolator .larm s*ould be establis*ed and non:$alid !ombinations
+oen:oen) !losed:!losed- s*ould be sorted out
o
9&it!*in# oerations s*ould be in*ibited until bus ima#e is
re!o#niCed &it* 100> a!!ura!y
o
;tionally blo!, 873 oeration "rom Isolator .larm

Ea!* isolator osition si#nal de!idesB

o
D*et*er or not t*e asso!iated !urrent is to be in!luded in t*e
di""erential !al!ulations
o
D*et*er or not t*e asso!iated brea,er is to be tried
81
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
+solator - T"pical Open.Closed
Connections
82
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
+solator Open
Au(iliar"
Contact
+solator Closed
Au(iliar"
Contact
+solator
Position
Alarm Bloc) S$itching
Off On C#OSE% 'o 'o
Off Off #AST ,A#+% After time dela"
until
ac)no$ledged
/ntil +solator
Position is &alid
On On C#OSE%
On Off OPE' 'o 'o
'OTE: +solator monitoring function ma" !e a !uilt*in feature or user*
programma!le in lo$ impedance !us differential digital rela"s
S$itch Status #ogic and %"anamic Bus
0eplica
83
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
%ifferential Bone CT Trou!le

Each Bus %ifferential Bone ma" a dedicated CT Trou!le

Monitor

%efinite time dela" o&ercurrent element operating on

the Hone differential current2 !ased on the configured
%"namic Bus 0eplica

Three strategies to deal $ith CT pro!lems:

DF Trip the !us Hone as the pro!lem $ith a CT $ill li)el"
e&ol&e into a !us fault an"$a"
>F %o not trip the !us2 raise an alarm and tr" to correct
the pro!lem manuall"
5F S$itch to setting group $ith 7KB minimum pic)up
setting a!o&e the ma(imum load currentF
84
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014

Strategies > and 5 can !e accomplished !":

/sing under&oltage super&ision to ride through the period

from the !eginning of the pro!lem $ith a CT until declaring
a CT trou!le condition

/sing an e(ternal chec) Hone to super&ise the 7KB function

/sing CT Trou!le to pre&ent the Bus %ifferential tripping

4>9

/sing setting groups to increase the pic)up &alue for the

7KB function 459
%ifferential Bone CT Trou!le
85
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
%ifferential Bone CT Trou!le - Strateg"
R> E(ample

CT Trou!le operand is used to rise an alarm

The 7KB trip is inhi!ited after CT Trou!le element operates

The rela" ma" misoperate if an e(ternal fault occurs after CT

trou!le !ut !efore the CT trou!le condition is declared 4dou!le*
contingenc"9
56B #p%+!t%,
U'&%+@#"t!8% #'&iti#'
CT O=
86
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
E(ample Architecture for #arge Bus!ars
%ual 4redundant9 fi!er $ith
5msec deli&er" time
!et$een neigh!ouring +E%sF
/p to 7 rela"s in the ring
Phase A .C si#nals and
tri !onta!ts
Phase B .C si#nals and
tri !onta!ts
Phase C .C si#nals and
tri !onta!ts
%igital +nputs "or isolator
monitorin# and 3(
87
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Phase A .C si#nals &ired
*ere) bus reli!a !on"i#ured
*ere
Phase B .C si#nals &ired
*ere) bus reli!a !on"i#ured
*ere
Phase C .C si#nals &ired
*ere) bus reli!a !on"i#ured
*ere
Au4u+'a%> ,;'tc=$, ;'%$* =$%$D
I,o+ato% Eon'to%'n- &unct'on
con&'-u%$* =$%$
I
s
o
l
a
t
o
r

5
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
I
s
o
l
a
t
o
r

5
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
I
s
o
l
a
t
o
r

5
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
I
s
o
l
a
t
o
r

5
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
E(ample Architecture - %"namic Bus
0eplica and +solator Position
88
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Phase A .C si#nals &ired
*ere) !urrent status
monitored *ere
Phase B .C si#nals &ired
*ere) !urrent status
monitored *ere
Phase C .C si#nals &ired
*ere) !urrent status
monitored *ere
3rea,er (ailure
elements
!on"i#ured *ere
3
(

I
n
i
t
i
a
t
e

&

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

9
u

$
/
3
(

I
n
i
t
i
a
t
e

&

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

9
u

$
/
3
(

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n
i
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i
a
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e

&

C
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9
u

$
/
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&

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u

$
/
E(ample Architecture - BF +nitiation 3
Current Super&ision
89
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
Phase A .C si#nals &ired
*ere) !urrent status
monitored *ere
Phase B .C si#nals &ired
*ere) !urrent status
monitored *ere
Phase C .C si#nals &ired
*ere) !urrent status
monitored *ere
3rea,er (ail ; !ommand
#enerated *ere and send to tri
aroriate brea,ers
3
r
e
a
,
e
r

(
a
i
l

;

3
r
e
a
,
e
r

(
a
i
l

;

3
r
e
a
,
e
r

(
a
i
l

;

3
r
e
a
,
e
r

(
a
i
l

;

'ri
'ri
'ri
E(ample Architecture - Brea)er Failure
Tripping
'ri
90
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014
+EEE 5KF>5?

;Guide for Protecti&e 0ela" Applications to Po$er

S"stem Buses< is currentl" !eing re&ised !" the
OD? :or)ing Group of the +EEE Po$er S"stem
0ela"ing CommitteeF
91
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jun 23, 2014