Power System Protection

Dr. Ibrahim El-Amin

Protective Device Coordination
Definition

Overcurrent Coordination

A systematic study of current responsive devices

in an electrical power system.
Objective

To determine the ratings and settings of

fuses brea!ers relay etc.

To isolate the fault or overloads.

Criteria

Economics

Available "easures of #ault

Operating $ractices

$revious E%perience
Design

Open only $D upstream of the fault or overload

$rovide satisfactory protection for overloads

Interrupt &C as rapidly 'instantaneously( as

possible

Comply with all applicable standards and codes

$lot the Time Current Characteristics of

different $Ds
Analysis
)hen*

+ew electrical systems

$lant electrical system e%pansion,retrofits

Coordination failure in an e%isting plant

Protection vs. Coordination

Coordination is not an e%act science

Compromise between protection and

coordination

-eliability

&peed

$erformance

Economics

&implicity
Protection

$revent in.ury to personnel

"inimi/e damage to components

0uic!ly isolate the affected portion of the system

"inimi/e the magnitude of available short-circuit

Spectrum Of Currents

1oad Current

2p to 3445 of full-load

336-3765 'mild overload(

Overcurrent

Abnormal loading condition '1oc!ed--otor(

#ault Current

#ault condition

Ten times the full-load current and higher

Coordination

1imit the e%tend and duration of service

interruption

&elective fault isolation

$rovide alternate circuits

Coordination
t
I
C
B
A
C
D
D B
A
!uipment

"otor

Transformer

8enerator

Cable

9usway
Capability " Damage Curves
t
I
I
#
#
t
$en
I
#
t
%otor
&fmr
I
#
t
Cable
I
#
t
'ransformer Category
A(SI"I C)*+.,-.
Infrequent Fault Incidence Zones for Category II & III Transformers


/ S0ould be selected by reference to t0e fre!uent)fault)incidence protection curve or for
transformers serving industrial1 commercial and institutional power systems wit0 secondary)side
conductors enclosed in conduit1 bus duct1 etc.1 t0e feeder protective device may be selected by
reference to t0e infre!uent)fault)incidence protection curve.

Source2 I C*+
Source
'ransformer primary)side protective device
3fuses1 relayed circuit brea4ers1 etc.5 may be
selected by reference to t0e infre!uent)fault)
incidence protection curve
Category II or III 'ransformer
6ault will be cleared by transformer
primary)side protective device
Optional main secondary 7side protective device.
%ay be selected by reference to t0e infre!uent)fault)
incidence protection curve
6eeder protective device
6ault will be cleared by transformer primary)side
protective device or by optional main secondary)
side protection device
6ault will be cleared by
feeder protective device
Infre!uent)6ault
Incidence 8one/
6eeders
6re!uent)6ault
Incidence 8one/
'ransformer
t
3sec5
I 3pu5
'0ermal
#--
#.*
I
#
t 9 ,#*-
#
#*
Isc
%ec0anical
:93,"85
#
t
3D)D ;;5 -.<+
3D)R ;$5 -.*<
6re!uent 6ault
Infre!uent 6ault
Inrus0
6;A
'ransformer Protection

MAXIMUM RATING R !"TTING FR #"RCURR"NT $"#IC"
P=I%A=> SCO(DA=>
Over ?-- @olts Over ?-- @olts ?-- @olts or Below

'ransformer
=ated
Impedance

Circuit
Brea4er
Setting

6use
=ating

Circuit
Brea4er
Setting

6use
=ating

Circuit Brea4er
Setting or 6use
=ating

(ot more t0an
?A


?-- A

B-- A

B-- A

#*-A

,#*A
3#*-A supervised5

%ore t0an ?A
and not more
t0an ,-A

C-- A

B-- A

#*-A

##*A

,#*A
3#*-A supervised5
'able C*-)B3a5 source2 (C

Protective Devices

#use

-elay '64,63 $ + 8 &8 63: ;< =; <> 73 ?(

Thermal "agnetic

1ow :oltage &olid &tate Trip

Electro-"echanical

"C$

Overload @eater
6use

+on Ad.ustable Device

Continuous and Interrupting -ating

:oltage 1evels

Characteristic Curves

"in. "elting

Total Clearing

Application
%inimum %elting
'ime Curve
'otal Clearing
'ime Curve
Current ;imiting 6use
3C;65

1imits the pea! current of short-circuit

-educes magnetic stresses 'mechanical

damage(

-educes thermal energy

&ymmetrical -"& Amperes
$
e
a
!

1
e
t
-
T
h
r
o
u
g
h

A
m
p
e
r
e
s
344 A
;4 A
365 $# 'A,- B ;.;(
37644
6744
7C4444
C44 A
344444
;et)'0roug0 C0art
6use
8enerally*

C1# is a better short-circuit protection

+on-C1# 'e%pulsion fuse( is a better Overload

protection
Selectivity Criteria
Typically*

+on-C1#* 3=45 of full load

C1#* 3645 of full load

%older Case CB

Thermal-"agnetic

"agnetic Only

Integrally #used

Current 1imiting

@igh Interrupting
Capacity
Types

#rame &i/e

Trip -ating

Interrupting Capability

:oltage
'0ermal %inimum
'0ermal %aDimum
%agnetic
3instantaneous5
;@PCB

:oltage and #reDuency -atings

Continuous Current , #rame &i/e

Override '37 times cont. current(

Interrupting -ating

&hort-Time -ating 'C4 cycle(

#airly &imple to Coordinate

480 kV
CB #
CB ,
CB #
CB ,
I'
S' PE
S' Band
;' PE
;' Band
I
f
9B- 4A
%otor Protection

"otor &tarting Curve

Thermal $rotection

1oc!ed -otor $rotection

#ault $rotection
%otor Overload Protection
3(C Art CB-)B#5

Thermal O,1 'Device =>(

"otors with &# not less than 3.36

3765 of #1A

"otors with temp. rise not over =4

3765 of #1A

All other motors

3365 of #1A
;oc4ed =otor Protection

Thermal 1oc!ed -otor 'Device 63(

&tarting Time 'T& E T1-(

1-A

1-A sym

1-A asym '3.6-3.; % 1-A sym( F 345 margin

6ault Protection
3(C Art CB-)*#5

+on-Time Delay #uses

C445 of #1A

Dual Element 'Time-Delay #uses(

3<65 of #1A

Instantaneous Trip 9rea!er

G445 of #1AH

Inverse Time 9rea!ers

7645 of #1A
H"C$s can be set higher
200 HP
MCP
O";
Starting Curve
I
#
'
3C.5
%CP 3*-5
3*,5
t
s
t
;=
;=A
s
;=A
asym
Overcurrent =elay

Time-Delay '63 I IJ(

&hort-Time Instantaneous ' IJJ(

Instantaneous '64 I IJJJ(

Electromagnetic 'induction Disc(

&olid &tate '"ulti #unction , "ulti 1evel(

Application
'ime)Overcurrent Enit

Ampere Tap Calculation

Ampere $ic!up '$.2.( B CT -atio % A.T. &etting

-elay Current 'I

-
( B Actual 1ine Current 'I
1
( , CT
-atio

"ultiples of A.T. B I
-
,A.T. &etting
B I
1
,'CT -atio % A.T. &etting( I
1
I
-
CT
63
Instantaneous Enit

Instantaneous Calculation

Ampere $ic!up '$.2.( B CT -atio % IT &etting

-elay Current 'I

-
( B Actual 1ine Current 'I
1
( , CT
-atio

"ultiples of ITB I
-
,IT &etting
B I
1
,'CT -atio % IT &etting(
I
1
I
-
CT
64
C,
=elay Coordination

Time margins should be maintained between T,C

curves

Ad.ustment should be made for C9 opening time

&horter time intervals may be used for solid state

relays

2pstream relay should have the same inverse T,C

characteristic as the downstream relay 'CO-G to CO-G(
or be less inverse 'CO-G upstream to CO-;
downstream(

E%tremely inverse relays coordinates very well with

C1#s
6iDed Points

"otor starting curves

Transformer damage curves K inrush

points

Cable damage curves

&C ma%imum fault points

Cable ampacities
$oints or curves which do not change
regardless of protective device settings*
Situation
Calculate -elay &etting 'Tap Inst. Tap K Time Dial(
#or This &ystem
=.3; !:
D&
5 MVA
Cable
1-3/C 500 kcmil
C2 - E$-
C9
I
sc
B C4444 A
6 %
64,63
-elay* I#C 6C CT G44*6
Solution
A
Inrsuh
B#< 1 < ?.C ,# I = =
A BB< . C
<--
*
I I
; =
= =
Transformer: A
kV
kVA
L
?.C
,? . C B
--- 1 *
I =

=
I
;
C'
=
I
=
Set Relay:
A ** , . *#
<--
*
B#< 1 < 5 *- 3
,
5 B< . , 3?"C.BB< - . ?
C . * BB< . C A ,#*
=> = =
=
=
=
=
A Inst
TD
A TAP
A
Fuestion
)hat is A+&I &hift CurveL
Answer

#or delta-delta connected transformers with

line-to-line faults on the secondary side the
curve must be reduced to G<5 'shift to the left
by a factor of 4.G<(

#or delta-wye connection with single line-to-

ground faults on the secondary side the curve
values must be reduced to 6G5 'shift to the left
by a factor of 4.6G(
Fuestion
)hat is meant by #reDuent and
InfreDuent for transformersL
Answer
Fuestion
)hat T,C Coordination interval should be
maintained between relaysL
Answer
A
t
I
B
CB Opening Time
+
Induction i!c O"e#t#$"el %0&1 !ec'
+
($)et* m$#gin %0&+ !ec ,/o In!t& - 0&1 !ec ,/ In!t&'
Fuestion
)hat is Class 34 and Class 74
Thermal O1- curvesL
Answer

Class 34 for fast trip 34 seconds or less

Class 74 for 74 seconds or less

There is also a Class C4 for long trip time

Answer