Electromagnetic

fields & waves

EEEB 253
Chapter 5
Semester I 2013/14
27
th
May 6
th
Sept. 2013
College of Engineering
2
Chapter 5: Electric fields in
materials
Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
1. Properties of materials
2. Conductors
3. Dielectrics
4. Continuity equation
5. Boundary conditions

Previous chapter consider electric field in free space
Electric field in other mediums / materials most of the equations are similar as in
last chapter with little modification
Materials classified based on electrical properties conductor and non-conductor
(insulator or dielectric)

3
5.1: Properties of material
Materials are categorized based on conductivity in the unit of mhos/m
or Siemens/m (S/m)
Conductivity is usually dependent on the temperature and frequency
High conductivity conductor / metal; low conductivity
insulator; in between semiconductor
Conductivity increases with decreasing temperature
Superconductor extremely high / infinite conductivity at very low
temperature (0-4 Kelvin) what degree celcius??

Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
4
5.2: Conductors
Conductors many freely moving charges
An isolated conductor (top figure); external Efield is
applied+ve charges are pushed along Efield and -ve
charges move in opposite direction (charge migration
happens very quickly)
2 things are done by the free charges:-
They accumulate on the surface of the conductor (induced
surface charges)
Induced charges set up an internal induced field
A conductor is an equipotential body potential is the
same everywhere

Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
5
5.2: Conductors
According to GL, if E=0, then charge density=0
Under static condition,
What happens when the ends / terminals of a conductor are
maintained at a certain potential difference?
E=0??the conductor is no longer isolated but
wired to a source of electromotive force (battery)
Disrupt the electrostatic equilibrium by forcing free charges to move
There is an Efield to have current flows ; Efield, +ve charge,
current have the same direction; electrons flow in opposite direction
Electrons movement is opposed by a damping force Resistance


Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
6
5.2: Conductors
To obtain the resistance, assume the conductor has
a cross section area, S; current density,
Ohms law, ;
Resistivity of material,
For conductor with non-uniform cross section,
Using power and energy equation,
P.E. 5.3

Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
7
5.3: Dielectrics
Charges in dielectric are bounded but can displace if a sufficiently
large external force is applied
When an Efield is applied, +ve charge is displaced in the direction of
Efield and ve charge is displaced in the opposite direction of Efield
Dipole separation of +ve and ve charges; Dipole is created the
dielectric is said to be polarized
In a polarized state, the electrons are distorted; Distorted charge
distribution = original distribution + dipole moment ( ), d is the
distance vector from Q to +Q
Total dipole moment

Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
8
5.3: Dielectrics
Calculate the field due to a polarized dielectric
Net effect of the dielectric on the electric field is to increase D by an
amount P. Polarization P will vary with E, usually as
is the electric susceptibility of material a measure of how
susceptible a dielectric is to electric fields
Dielectric constant
Permittivity of dielectric vs. permittivity of free space
Dielectric constant / relative permittivity - ratio of to ; may
change at high frequencies > 1 GHz
Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
9
5.3: Dielectrics
Try eg. 5.7; In class: P.E. 5.7
Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
10
5.5: Boundary conditions
We considered Efield only in one medium
When it involves more than one medium, the conditions that the field
must satisfy at the interface separating the medium is called the
Boundary Conditions
Consider 3 cases 1) dielectric 1 and dielectric 2; 2) Conductor and
dielectric; 3) Conductor and free space
Use Maxwells equations:-
Decompose electric field intensity into 2 orthogonal components
tangential and normal components of E


Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
11
Chapter 5 Conclusion
Properties of material Conductor vs. dielectric
Conductor Efield, current flow, Ohms law, energy and power
Dielectric field, polarization, relative permittivity
Current continuity equation based on Ohms law and Gausss law
3 boundary conditions tangential and normal components of
Efield
Tutorial questions:- 5.13, 5.25, 5.26, 5.30

Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power