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Safety Moment
Put chairs back to its right place when leave your seat


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Control Valve
Sizing



Hydraulics



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What is Control Valve Sizing???
It is a procedure by which the dynamics of a process
system are matched to the performance
characteristics of a valve.

This is to provide a control valve that will best meet
the needs of managing flow within that process
system.


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Basic information requirements for effective
valve sizing
For the system:-
Pressure before and after the control valve, P
Flow rate
Process temperature
Properties of media(viscosity, density, molecular
weight, vapor pressure)

For the control valve:-
Flow capacity (Cv)
Fluid recovery factor(FL)


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Definition: Kv : quantity of water (m3/h) between 5 and 40C
that will pass control valve at 1 bar pressure drop at a
specified travel
Definition Cv : quantity of water at = 60F (USgal/min) that
will pass control valve at 1 psi pressure drop at a specified
travel
Kv = 0.856 Cv

SI :


Eng:


Cv generally used in our business

Valve Flow Coefficient
V
V V
P
K
A
u =
0

V
V
V
P
C
A
u
=
0
856 . 0

V
= volume flow
= density

0
= standard density
P
V
= pressure drop over valve


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CONTROL VALVES
Sizing
Valve Body size can be estimated from c
V



D = diameter in mm


Cv = 12 25 mm or 1 inch valve full size
Cv = 27 38 mm or 1 inch valve full size
Cv = 48 50 mm or 2 inch valve full size
Cv = 108 76 mm or 3 inch valve full size
Cv = 192 100 mm or 4 inch valve full size


12
4 . 25
V
C
D =


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Fluid Recovery Factor
The fluid recovery factor is
effectively an index of
Pressure recovery in a control
valve.
High FL value indicates low
pressure recovery.
High FL value results in better
resistance to cavitation.


FL ~ (P1-P2)/(P1-PVC)



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Choked flow


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Cavitation and Flashing
Choked Flow
Cavitation
Flashing
( increase in pressure downstream
of the valve)
( deccrease in pressure downstream
of the valve)


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Methods to reduce the potential for cavitation
The value of p
1
can be increased while keeping p
the same by moving the control valve to a location
further upstream, or to a location at a lower elevation.
The vapour pressure can be decreased by installing
the valve where the liquid temperature is lower, such
as the cool side of a heat exchanger.
A valve style with a higher value of F
L
can be
selected.


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FL for different valve types


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What is critical flow?
It is an extension of cavitation in which it simply gets
worse as the pressure drop increases to the point
that changes (reductions) in downstream pressure no
longer influences flow rate.
Generally, W = f( Pv) Non-critical flow
Whereas in critical flow:-


,which is independent of PL



) , (
,
properties valve properties fluid P f W
H
=


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Flow is critical when:-
For incompressible fluid flow:-




For compressible fluid flow:-
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
> = A
vap
C
vap
H L L H V
P
P
P
P F P P P 28 . 0 96 . 0
2
T
c c
H L H V
x P P P P
v p
4 . 1
> = A


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Importance of calculating appropriate Cv
If the calculated C
v
is too small, the valve will be
undersized and the process system may be starved
for fluid. This also causes a higher pressure drop
across the valve causing cavitation or flashing.
If C
v
is too high, the valve will be too big leading to
monetary waste and difficult machine
manoeuvrability. A larger C
v
can also be a problem
for throttling because the flow cannot be effectively
controlled at the openings.


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Flow Characteristics
Three basic flow
characteristics available are:-

Linear:- Flow change is
proportional to valve opening
Equal percentage:- Equal
valve position changes give
equal percentage flow
changes
Quick opening:- Flow
increases rapidly in a linear
relationship with plug lift,
reaching a max. value at a low
lift


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Valve Characterization
Since it is desirable to achieve and maintain process
stability, the proper inherent valve characteristic must
be selected to compensate for process changes. The
first step is to determine the controlled process variable.
There are four main classes:
Liquid level
Pressure
Flow
Temperature.


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Controlled Variable:- Liquid Level


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Controlled Variable:- Pressure


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Controlled Variable:- Flow


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Controlled Variable:- Temperature

Experience has shown that the best inherent
characteristic, when temperature is the controlled
variable, is equal-percentage valve.


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Basic Hydraulic Systems
Vapor \ gas system






P
S
P
Dtn
P
H
P
L
Source Destination
L H V
P P P = A

e
A =
ons contributi
upstream
i
i f S H
P P P
,

e
A + =
ons contributi
downstream
i
i f Dtn L
P P P
,


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Basic Hydraulic Systems
Liquid system without pump





,


,
P
S
P
Dtn
H
S
GRADE
H
v
H
D
t
n
P
H
P
L
Source Destination

e
A A + =
ons contributi
upstream
i
i f upstream S S H
P P P P
, ,

e
A + A + =
ons contributi
downstream
i
i f downstream S Dtn L
P P P P
, ,
( )
5
,
10
g H H
P
V S
upstream S

= A
( )
5
,
10
g H H
P
V S
upstream S

= A
( )
5
,
10
g H H
P
V Dtn
downstream S

= A


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Basic Hydraulic Systems
Liquid system with pump


P
S
P
Dtn
P
H
P
L
GRADE
H
v
H
D
t
n
H
S
H
P
P
P
Source Destination

e
A + A + =
ons contributi
upstream
i
i f P upstream S S H
P PH P P P
, ,

e e
A + A = A
valve to pump
ons contributi
i
i f P f
ons contributi
upstream
i
i f
P P P
, , ,
( )
5
,
10
g H H
P PH P P
P S
P f P S P

+ A + =
P SO P dyn P
PH PH P = A
, ,

e e e
A + A + A = A + A = A
pump excl
valve to pump from
ons contributi
i
i f dyn P p f
valve to pump
ons contributi
i
i f p f
ons contributi
upstream
i
i f
P P P P P P
.
, , , , , ,


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System performance static only
Response to flow variations for static only system

P
S
P
Dtn
H
S
GRADE
H
v
H
D
t
n
P
H
P
L
Source Destination
No friction in lines
Constant source and destination pressures


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System performance Static only
Response to flow variations for static only system

Flow
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
Source Pressure
Destination Pressure
Control
Valve
P


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CONTROL VALVES
System performance with friction
Response to flow variations for system with friction

Flow
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
Source Pressure
Destination Pressure
Control
Valve
P
Downstream
Friction
P
Upstream
Friction
P


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