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SPECTROMETER (AAS)
Dr Vikas Saroch
Objectives
• History
• Principle
• Applications
2
Introduction
• In analytical chemistry AAS is a
technique for determining the
concentration of a particular metal
element in a sample.
• The technique can be used to
analyze the concentration of over
70 different metals in a solution.
History
• In the nineteenth century.
• Modern form was largely developed
during the 1950s.
• A team of Australian chemists.
• By Alan Walsh.
• By CSIRO (Common wealth Science
and Industry Research
Organization) Division of Chemical
Physics in Melbourne, Australia .
Principles
• Light produced by a
hollow cathode lamp.
• Inside lamp there is a cylindrical
metal cathode containing the metal
for excitation, and an anode.
• When a high voltage is applied
across the anode and cathode.
• The metal atoms in the cathode are
excited into producing light with a
certain emission spectrum.
•
• Type of hollow cathode tube depends
on the metal being analyzed.
• For analyzing the concentration of
copper in an ore, a copper cathode
tube would be used, and likewise for
any other metal being analyzed.
• The electrons of the atoms in the flame
can be promoted to higher orbitals for
an instant by absorbing a set quantity
of energy (a quantum).
Working
• 2 gm (solid sample) or 10-15 ml/element
( liquid sample) .
• Analysis of liquids:
• Normally turned into an atomic gas in three
steps:
Ø Desolvation (Drying) : liquid solvent is
evaporated, and the dry sample remains.
Ø Vaporization (Ashing) : the solid sample
vaporises to a gas
Ø Atomization : compounds making up the
sample are broken into free atoms.
•
Video showing atomic
absorption spectrometer
S in g le -B e a m vs. D o u b le B e a m A A S p e ctro m e te rs
Source: Skoog, Holler, and Nieman, Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 5th edition, Saunders College Publishing.
Source: Rubinson and Rubinson, Contemporary Instrumental Analysis, Prentice Hall Publishing.
Source: Rubinson and Rubinson, Contemporary Instrumental Analysis, Prentice Hall Publishing.
TRACE 500 Atomic
TRACE 1200 Atomic
Absorption Absorption
Spectrometer Spectrometer
TRACE 1300 Atomic
Absorption Spectrometer
Key Features :
Ø Switchable single/true
double beam optics.
Ø Auto-switch and highly
efficient software
controlled process.
Ø Six (6) lamp turret with
auto-switch .
Ø Fast wavelength scan -
takes 30 seconds to
scan from 190-900nm
Ø Multi-element sequential
analysis improves
efficiency by allowing
the user to quickly scan
for multiple elements
within a single sample.
Ø Sample sizes are very
small.
Advantages of AA
• Determination of 68 metals.
• Ability to make ppb determinations on major
components of a sample.
• Precision of measurements by flame are better
than 1% . There are few other instrumental
methods that offer this precision so easily.
• AA analysis is subject to little interference.
• Most interference that occurs have been well
studied and documented.
• Sample preparation is simple (often involving only
dissolution in an acid).
• Instrument easy to tune and operate.
• Cost effective .
•
Applications of A A S
• Water analysis (e.g. Ca, Mg, Fe, Si, Al, Ba
content)
food analysis
• Analysis of animal feedstuffs (e.g. Mn, Fe,
Cu, Cr, Se,
Zn)
• Analysis of additives in lubricating oils and
greases (Ba,
Ca, Na, Li, Zn, Mg)
• Analysis of soils
• Clinical analysis (blood samples: whole
blood, plasma,
serum; Ca, Mg, Li, Na, K, Fe
Application in Rasashastra
• In Raw drug analysis (e.g. Ca, Mg, Fe,
Mn, Fe, Cu, Cr Si, Al, Ba content)
• In final product (Prepared Drug).
•
References
• http://nercdg.org
• http://www.analyticon.com
• www.lcgmag.com/
• www.lcms.com/
• www.dq.fct.unl.pt/QOF/Chroma.html
• www-ssg.chem.utas.edu.au
• www.onlinegc.com
Thank You ………………….