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Dynamic Power Control

Discontinuous Transmission

Frequency Hopping

Intra-cell Handover
Critical Network Implementation
Features
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Mobile is commanded to change its Transmit Power
Change in Power is proportionate to the Path Loss
Change is Power is done in steps of 2 dbs
Dynamic MS Power Control is maximum
Tx Level
5
6
7
.
14
15
.
19
.
31

Power dBm
33
31
29
.
15
13
.
5
.
5
Dynamic Mobile Power Control
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Algorithm
BTS expects a threshold Rxlev and Rxqual in uplink.
Every 480ms it sends a report of Rxlev and Rxqual to BSC.
BSC compares reports with threshold after a set period
If certain specified number of reports from the number of reports
received in the set period exceed the threshold on the poorer side ,
MS will be commanded to increase power


Same process is used to decrease power also.
The Threshold for decreasing power will be different.

Uplink Rxlev Threshold Range : - 73 dBm to -104 dBm
Dynamic MS Power Control
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Lowest Level
Power Control
Max. Level
UL_Rxlev threshold
UL_Rxlev = threshold
UL_Rxlev < threshold
Power Control will only be effective in a particular area of the cell.
Dynamic MS power Control Range
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To MS
Save Battery Power
To Network
Average Uplink Interference reduction
Blocking of Receiver from close in MS's
Dynamic MS Power Control Benefits
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Example
33 dbm
-55dbm
-95 dbm
-100 dbm
C/Ic = 5 dB
ARFCN "N"
ARFCN "N"
5 dbm
-55dbm
-95 dbm
-128 dbm
C/Ic = 33 dB
ARFCN "N"
ARFCN "N"
No Control
Control
Dynamic MS Power Control Benefits
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Objective is to reduce average interference level

Algorithm works on measurement reports send by MS

Cannot be applied to BCH carriers

Not Mandatory

If Adjacent ARFCN's are used in adjacent cells, then both adjacent
ARFCN TRX's should have the same mode.
Dynamic BS Power Control
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Mechanism which allows the radio Tx to be switched off most
of the time during speech pauses.
DTX is done by DTX handlers which have the following functions
Voice Activity Detector on the transmit side
Evaluation of the background acoustic noise on the transmit side
Generation of comfort noise on the receive side during cut off periods
DTX can be implemented in Uplink , Downlink or both.
Transmitter and Receiver functions of DTX handlers are mandatory in MS
Receiver functions of DTX handlers are mandatory in BTS
Transmitter requirements are mandatory only in those BTS where downlink
DTX is used.
Discontinous Transmission ( DTX )
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SID Updt
BSS
Uplink DTX
BSS
TRAU
No Speech
Downlink DTX
DTX Operation in brief
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To MS and BS
Save Battery Power
To Network
Average Uplink Interference reduction
DTX Benefits
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Multipath Fading results in variations in signal strength which is known as
Rayleigh Fading.
Rayleigh Fading phenomenon is dependent on path difference and hence
frequency of reception.
A fast moving mobile may not experience severe effect of this fading since the
path difference is continuously changing.
A slow moving mobile ( or a halted mobile ) may experience severe
deterioration in quality.
But, if the frequency of reception is changed when this problem occurs ,could
solve it.
The fading phenomenon is fast and almost continuos, this means the
frequency change should also be continuos.
This process of continuously changing frequency is known as Frequency
Hopping.
Frequency Hopping
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Frequency Hopping is done in both Uplink and Downlink .
Frequency is changed in every TDMA Frame
Mobile can Hop on maximum 64 frequencies
The sequence of Hopping can be Cyclic or Non-Cyclic
There are 63 Non-Cyclic Hopping sequences possible
Different Hopping sequence can be used in the same cell.


BCH Timeslot can never HOP, but the remaining Timelsots can very well
hop.
Frequency Hopping
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Baseband Hopping
TRX
F1
TRX
F2
TRX
F3




F1
F2
F3
Individual TRX's required for each ARFCN, not possible to use many
frequencies in hopping sequence.
For more frequencies, it may not be practical to use Hybrid Combiners.
Tunable combiners will be have to be used.
B
Frequency Hopping
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Synthesised Hopping
TRX
F1




F1
F2...Fn
F3....Fn
TRX
F2 ... Fn
TRX
F2 ... Fn
The transmitter will tune to different frequency in every TDMA frame.
With less TRX's, large sequences can be achieved.
BCH carrier will not Hop.
If same ARFCN's are used on 2 TRX's for Hopping they should have different
HSN's, since both the TRX's will be in proper Frame synch.
B
Frequency Hopping
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Reduction in Average Interference
With Frequency Hopping consistent interference will become bursty.
So even though, both the co-channel cells will be using the same set of ARFCN's
for Hopping, interference will not be continuos.
This is because, GSM cells are not Frame synchronized, and change in
frequency is related to Frame nos.
If same HSN is used in two cells, then either the interference will be nil , or if a
phase correlation exists then it will be continuos.
So the two cells should preferably use different HSN's .
Sectorial cells ( controlled by the same BTS) can use same HSN, since the
sectors don't come up at the same time.
Cells if they are synchronized, can use same HSN, if each cell has an offset of
some TDMA frames.
Offset of TDMA frames is also required to avoid SACCH occurring at the same
time in all synchronized cells, as they kills away the objective of DTX.
Frequency Hopping
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C0
C1
Handover between channels / timeslots of same cell
BTS
INTRA - CELL HANDOVER
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Handover on Interference is based on RXQUAL & RXLEV

If RXQUAL is poor and RXLEV is good , then Handover takes place

Interference Handover is an Intra-cell Handover
Enabling Intra-cell handovers indicates the presence of interference in
the network
Intra-Cell handovers will improve quality of communication if the
interference is bursty ( TCH-TCH or TCH-BCH or Uplink )
If interference is continuos ( BCH - BCH or BCH - TCH) , then intra-cell
handover will provide good quality communication to some calls in the
cell, and poor quality to others till they undergo inter-cell handovers.
INTERFERENCE