CHAPTER 1-

GUIDANCE & COUNSELING

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LEARNING OUTCOMES
Explain the concept of guidance, counseling and
psychotherapy;
Explain the goals of guidance and counseling;
Elaborate on the principles and philosophy of
guidance and counseling;
Discuss the importance of guidance and counseling;
and
Bridefly elaborate on the development of the
guidance and counseling services in Malaysia.

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Quick Review
What do you understand by the term
counseling?

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Quick Review
What is Counseling?

According to the American Counseling
Association, counseling is:

The application of mental health, psychological or human
development principles, through cognitive, affective,
behavioral or systemic interventions, strategies that
address wellness, personal growth, or career development,
as well as pathology.
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S.O.L.E.R.
When working with a client,
you want to send a
message that you are
listening.
This can be done by being
attentive both verbally
(responding to the client) and
nonverbally.
SOLER is an acronym which
serves to remind us how to
listen.
S: Face the client squarely; that is, adopt a posture that
indicates involvement.

O: Adopt an open posture. Sit with both feet on the
ground to begin with and with your hands folded, one
over the other.

L: As you face your client, lean toward him or her. Be
aware of their space needs.

E: Maintain eye contact. Looking away or down suggests
that you are bored or ashamed of what the client is
saying. Looking at the person suggests that you are
interested and concerned.

R: As you incorporate these skills into your attending
listening skills, relax.
Quick Review
What do you understand by the term
guidance?

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Quick Review
What is Guidance?

Guidance is a process of helping people
make important choices that affect their lives,
such as choosing a preferred lifestyle (Gladding,
2000, pg. 4).
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Quick Review
What do you understand by the term
psychotherapy?

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Quick Review
What is Psychotherapy?

Traditionally focuses on serious problems
associated with intrapsychic, internal, and
personal issues and conflicts. It deals with the
recovery of adequacy (Casey, 1996).
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CONCEPT
Guidance asssistance (knowledge, skills,
information)

Counseling face-to-face interaction
between the counselor and the client(s)

Psychotherapy talking treatment involving
the therapist and a patient
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GUIDANCE
AND COUNSELING
Approach used
Information-giving, advice
Goals
Encourage exploration problem-
solving
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COUNSELING &
PSYCHOTHERAPY
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Approach
Training
Duration
Focus Setting
Similarities Between Guidance, Counseling and
Psychotherapy
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Differences Between Guidance, Counseling and
Psychotherapy
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SUMMARY
Type of client: Guidance and counseling is more
suitable for normal clients experiencing problems
that are not too serious. Psychotherapy is more
suitable for pattients experiencing more serious
problems such as neurosis and mild psychosis
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SUMMARY
Qualifications of service provider: G&C teacher
has the knowledge and basic skills to conduct
guidance and counseling sessions. The
psychotherapist who conducts therapy has more
specialised knowledge and skills such as
hypnosis.

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SUMMARY
Individual receiving the service: The individual
undergoing guidance and counseling is known as
the client. The individual undergoing
psychotherapy is known as the patient who may,
sometimes, be given medicinal drugs as
additional treatment.
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SUMMARY
Duration: The duration for guidance and
counseling is shorter than psychotherapy which
may last from a few months to years
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GOALS OF GUIDANCE & COUNSELING
Self-adjustment
Mental health
Psychological
support
Understand and
accept the
consquences of
the decision
Responsibility
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GOAL GUIDELINES
Goals are mutually agreed on by the client and
counselor.
Goals are specific.
Goals are relevant to behavior.
Goals are achievement & success oriented.
Goals are quantifiable & measurable.
Goals are behavioral & observable.
Goals are understandable & can be re-stated
clearly.
PRINCIPLES OF GUIDANCE & COUNSELING
A planned
educational
process
For all children
Shared
responsibility
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Some Basic Principles
Counseling is centered on the difficulties of the client.

Counseling is a learning situation which eventually results in a
behavioral change.

Effectiveness in counseling depends largely on the readiness of
the client to make changes and the therapeutic relationship
with the counselor.

The counseling relationship is confidential.

PHILOSOPY OF G&C
Every child has the potential to be optimally transformed
through the guidance and counseling services that is:
- efficient,
- effective and
- etical
founded on external and internal sourced in order to
produce children who are intellectually, physically,
emotionally, and spiritually well-balanced.

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SAMPLE G&C PHILOSOPHY STATEMENT
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IMPORTANCE OF G&C
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Development in the industrial, science
and technology sectors
Urbanisation, changes the social and value
systems (breakdown in moral and religious
values)
Development in the media and educational system
DEVELOPMENT OF G&C SERVICES IN MALAYSIA

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Watch this video clip
..\..\Desktop\The Starfish Story.avi
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REVISION QUESTIONS
1. Every teacher is a guidance teacher.
Discuss this statement in the context of
primary schools in this country.
2. Your classmates are still confused about the
basic concepts of guidance, counseling and
psychotherapy. Uisng relevant examples,
explain the three concepts to them.


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REVISION QUESTIONS
Mat is a hard-working Year Five student.
However, he seldom achieves excellent
results. This affects his motivation to study.
State two goals that can be set by both Mat
and his guidance and counseling teacher
during the individual counseling sessions.



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REVISION QUESTIONS
4. Teacher Mila has recently been appointed the guidance
and counseling teacher in SK Sg. Kinta. She has been
asked by the school head to set up the Guidance and
Counseling Unit. Her first step is to prepare a draft of the
philosophy statement of the Unit. However she is not
very sure how she can go about this. Based on what you
have learned about the principles and philosophy of
guidance and counseling, discuss how you can assist
teacher Mila do this.


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