NOTES

NOTES
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
103
103
BASIC OPERATION
BASIC OPERATION
Some basic operation for conertin! "ata into #sef#$
information are as fo$$o%s&
1' Inp#ttin!& 1' Inp#ttin!& Process of enterin! "ata an" instr#ctions in to
comp#ter s(stem'
)' Storin!& )' Storin!& Sain! "ata * instr#ctions to ma+e t,em rea"i$(
aai$ab$e for initia$ or a""itiona$ processin! as * %,en
re-#ire"'
3' Processin!& 3' Processin!& Performin! arit,metic operations. or $o!ica$
operations on "ata to conert t,em into #sef#$ information'
/' O#tp#ttin!& /' O#tp#ttin!& Process of pro"#cin! #sef#$ information or res#$ts
for a #ser'
0' Contro$$in!& 0' Contro$$in!& Directin! t,e manner * se-#ence in %,ic, t,e
aboe operations are performe"'
MEMOR1
MEMOR1
In comp#tin!. memor( refers to t,e p,(sica$ "eices #se" to
store pro!rams or "ata on a temporar( or permanent basis
for #se in a comp#ter or ot,er "i!ita$ e$ectronic "eice' T,e
term primar( memor( is #se" for t,e information in p,(sica$
s(stems %,ic, f#nction at ,i!,2spee" 3i'e' RAM4'
T,ere are t%o main t(pes of
memor(& o$ati$e an" non2o$ati$e' E5amp$es of non2o$ati$e
memor( are f$as, memor( an" ROM6PROM6EPROM6
EEPROM memor(' E5amp$es of o$ati$e memor( are primar(
memor( 3RAM4. an" fast CPU cac,e memor('
7o$ati$e memor( is
comp#ter memor( t,at re-#ires po%er to maintain t,e store"
information' Non2o$ati$e memor(& Non27o$ati$e memor( is
comp#ter memor( t,at can retain t,e store" information een
%,en not po%ere"'
PRIMAR16MAIN MEMOR1&2
PRIMAR16MAIN MEMOR1&2
RAM is +no%n as Ran"om Access Memor(
an" a$so +no%n as interna$ or main
memor(' It is a rea" an" %rite memor( of a
comp#ter' T,e #ser can %rite information
into RAM an" rea" information from it' It
is ca$$e" Ran"om Access Memor( beca#se
an( of t,e $ocations on a c,ip can be
ran"om$( se$ecte" an" #se" to "irect$( store
an" retriee "ata an" instr#ctions store" in
it is anis,e" as soon as po%er is t#rne" off'
SECONDAR1 STORA8E UNIT
SECONDAR1 STORA8E UNIT

ROM2 ROM2 ROM is rea" on$( memor(' T,is is non2o$ati$e memor(' Its contents are
retaine" een if t,e po%er s#pp$( !oes off' ROM is #se" for permanent stora!e of
information' T,e store" information can on$( be rea" from ROM at t,e time of
operation' Data store" in a ROM can on$( be rea" an" #se"2 t,e( cannot be
c,an!e"' T,is is t,e reason %,( it is ca$$e" Rea" on$( Memor('

PROM2 PROM2 T,is is Pro!rammab$e Rea" On$( Memor(' User can pro!ram it accor"in!
to t,eir nee"s' T,e "isa"anta!es of PROM is t,at it can be pro!ramme" on$( once'
T,#s t,e #ser cannot c,an!e its contents after it is pro!ramme" once'

EPROM2 EPROM2 T,is is Erasab$e Pro!rammab$e Rea" on$( memor(' EPROM oercomes
t,e prob$em of ROM an" PROM' It is possib$e to erase information store" in an
EPROM an" t,e EPROM can be repro!ramme" to store ne% information' B#t
t,ere are some $imitations2 3i4 T,e EPROM c,ip is remoe" from t,e comp#ter9s
boar" to erase its contents' 3ii4 T,e comp#ter "ata is erase" in t,is process' User can
not erase on$( some partic#$ar "ata store" in EPROM'

EEPROM2 EEPROM2 T,is is E$ectronica$$( Erasab$e Pro!ram Rea" on$( memor(' It can be
bot, pro!ramme" an" erase"' T,e "isa"anta!e of EPROM are remoe" in it' T,e
c,ip nee" not to be remoe" from t,e comp#ter for erasin!' It is a$so +no%n as
:$as, Memor('
CAC;E MEMOR1
CAC;E MEMOR1
Cac,e 3prono#nce" cash4 memor( is e5treme$( fast memor( t,at is
b#i$t into a comp#ter9s Centra$ Processin! Unit. or $ocate" ne5t to it on
a separate c,ip' T,e cac,e memor( is p$ace" in bet%een t,e main
memor( an" t,e CPU' It is m#c, faster t,an main memor(' T,e cac,e
memor( is not accessib$e to #sers' It is #se" to spee" #p t,e e5ec#tion'
It is #se" to temporari$( store er( actie "ata an" instr#ction s "#rin!
processin!' Cac,e memor( is ran"om access memor(' As t,e
microprocessor processes "ata. it $oo+s first in t,e Cac,e memor( an"
if it fin"s t,e "ata t,ere. it "oes not ,ae to "o t,e more time2
cons#min! rea"in! of "ata from $ar!er memor('
T,e CPU #ses cac,e memor( to store instr#ctions t,at
are repeate"$( re-#ire" to r#n pro!rams. improin! oera$$ s(stem
spee"' T,e a"anta!e of cac,e memor( is t,at t,e CPU "oes not ,ae
to #se t,e mot,erboar"9s s(stem b#s for "ata transfer' <,eneer "ata
m#st be passe" t,ro#!, t,e s(stem b#s. t,e "ata transfer spee" s$o%s
to t,e mot,erboar"9s capabi$it(' T,e CPU can process "ata m#c, faster
%it, t,e ,e$p of cac,e memor('
SECONDAR1 STORA8E
SECONDAR1 STORA8E
DE7ICES
DE7ICES
Secon"ar( Stora!e "eices t,ose are #se"
for storin! t,e "ata in a permanent manner
means a$$ t,e "ata %i$$ remain store"
%,et,er t,e po%er is s%itc,e" on or
s%itc,e" off means t,e po%er %i$$ neer
effect on t,e s(stem' :or storin! t,e "ata in
a permanent manner %e #ses t,e Secon"ar(
Stora!e Deices'
SOME SECONDAR1 STORA8E
SOME SECONDAR1 STORA8E
DE7ICES
DE7ICES

Ma!netic Tapes&
Ma!netic Tapes& T,e Ma!netic Tapes is t,e t(pe
of Secon"ar( Stora!e Deice' T,e Ma!netic Tapes
are #se" accessin! t,e "ata into t,e se-#entia$
form an" t,e tape a$so contains a ribbon %,ic, is
coate" on t,e sin!$e si"e of t,e tape' T,e( can
store ,#!e amo#nt of "ata into t,e tape "rie' B#t
t,e main $imitation of t,e tape "rie is t,at %e
cant access t,e "ata from t,e "is+s "irect$( means
if %e %ants to 100t, recor" from t,e tape t,en %e
m#st ,ae to moe a$$ t,e preio#s i'e' ==t,
recor"s first' An" t,e tapes are a$so easi$(
"ama!e" "#e to t,e ,#man errors'

:$opp( Dis+ette& :$opp( Dis+ette& T,e :$opp( Dis+ is a$so a Secon"ar( Stora!e "eice %,ic,
is #se" for storin! t,e "ata in a permanent manner' T,e :$opp( Dis+ a$so
stores a$$ t,e "ata into t,e form of trac+s an" sectors an" t,e f$opp( "is+
proi"es bot, rea"in! an" %ritin! t,e "ata into t,e "is+' T,e :$opp( Dis+
is a$so ca$$e" as re#sab$e "is+ means t,e :$opp( Dis+ proi"es #s t,e faci$it(
to rea" an" %rites t,e "ata into "is+ as an" %,en necessar( an" a$so man(
times' <e can rea" an" %rite t,e "ata from t,e "is+' T,e main a"anta!e
of t,e :$opp( Dis+ is t,at t,e "ata can be store" man( times b#t t,e main
$imitation of t,e f$opp( "is+ is t,at f$opp( "is+ ,ae a sma$$ capacit( an"
t,e :$opp( Dis+ a$so "oesn9t ,ae re$iabi$it( means t,e "ata store" into t,e
"is+ ma( not be #se" for $on! time beca#se t,e f$opp( "is+ is er( sensitie
t,in! %,en %e moe t,e ,ea" of t,e "is+ a!ain an" a!ain t,en t,e f$opp(
"is+ !ets "ama!e"' So t,at %e can sa( t,at :$opp( Dis+ is not a re$iab$e
t,in!'

Optica$ Dis+s& Optica$ Dis+s& T,e Optica$ Dis+s are a$so ca$$e" as t,e CD2ROM9s means
Compact Dis+ Rea" On$( Memor( %,ic, is a$so #se" for storin! t,e "ata
into t,e "is+' CD2ROM contains t,e "ata %,ic, is tr#$( rea"ab$e means %e
cant e"it t,e contents of t,e CD2ROM means once "ata ,as been %ritten
into t,e CD. %e can be ab$e to c,an!e t,e contents of t,e "is+ an" t,e "ata
%,ic, is store" on t,e "is+ can be an( time rea" b( t,e #ser' T,e CD2ROM
proi"es #s t,e $ar!e capacit( in compare to t,e :$opp( Dis+s'

;ar"Dis+& ;ar"Dis+& A ,ar" "is+ is part of a #nit. often ca$$e" a >"is+ "rie.> >,ar"
"rie.> or >,ar" "is+ "rie.> t,at stores an" proi"es re$atie$( -#ic+
access to $ar!e amo#nts of "ata' To"a(9s comp#ters t(pica$$( come %it, a
,ar" "is+ t,at contains seera$ bi$$ion b(tes 3!i!ab(tes4 of stora!e' A ,ar"
"is+ "rie is a "ata stora!e "eice #se" for storin! an" retriein!
information from non2o$ati$e memor(3retainin! its "ata een %,en
po%ere" off4 in a ran"om access manner 3"ata can be retriee" in an(
or"er rat,er t,an ?#st se-#entia$$(4'
DI:ERENCE BET<EEN DATA * IN:ORMATION2
DI:ERENCE BET<EEN DATA * IN:ORMATION2
Data is ra% materia$ for "ata processin!' "ata re$ates to fact. eent an" transactions' Data refers to #nprocesse"
information' Information is "ata t,at ,as been processe" in s#c, a %a( as to be meanin!f#$ to t,e person
%,o receies it' it is an( t,in! t,at is comm#nicate"' T,e %or"s Data an" Information ma( $oo+ simi$ar an"
man( peop$e #se t,ese %or"s er( fre-#ent$(. B#t bot, ,ae $ots of "ifferences bet%een t,em'
DATA2 DATA2
T,e %or" 9Data9 is "erie" from t,e p$#ra$ form of $atin %or" 9Dat#m9. %,ic, means 9to !ie9'
Data is a co$$ection of ra% facts'
Ma( or ma( not be meanin!f#$'
Inp#t to an( s(stem ma( be treate" as Data'
Un"erstan"in! is "iffic#$t'
Data m#st be processe" to #n"erstan"'
Data ma( not be in t,e or"er'
E5amp$e& Statistics. n#mbers. c,aracters. ima!es'
IN:ORMATION2 IN:ORMATION2
T,e %or" 9Information9 is "erie" from $atin %or" 9Informare9. %,ic, means 9to instr#ct9'
Information is t,e o#tcome "erie" after processin! t,e "ata'
Information is a$%a(s meanin!f#$'
O#tp#t after processin! t,e s(stem is Information'
Un"erstan"in! is eas('
Information is a$rea"( in #n"erstan"ab$e form. it ma( be processe" f#rt,er to ma+e it more #n"erstan"ab$e'
Information s,o#$" be in t,e or"er'
E5amp$e Reports. @no%$e"!e'
DATA PROCESSIN8 S1STEMS
DATA PROCESSIN8 S1STEMS
Data processin! is an( process t,at a comp#ter pro!ram "oes
to enter "ata an" s#mmariAe. ana$(ses or ot,er%ise conert
"ata into #sab$e information' It ino$es recor"in!. ana$(Ain!.
sortin!. s#mmariAin!. ca$c#$atin!. an" storin! "ata' Beca#se
"ata are most #sef#$ %,en %e$$2presente" an" act#a$$(
informatie. "ata2processin! s(stems are often referre" to as
information s(stems'
EBEMENTS O: DATA PROCESSIN8
EBEMENTS O: DATA PROCESSIN8
In or"er to be processe" b( a computer, "ata nee"s first be conerte" into a mac,ine
rea"ab$e format' Once "ata are in "i!ita$ format. ario#s proce"#res can be app$ie" on
t,e "ata to !et #sef#$ information' Data processin! ma( ino$e ario#s processes.
inc$#"in!&

DATA SUMMARICATION& DATA SUMMARICATION& Since t,e "ata in t,e "ata %are,o#se is of er( ,i!, o$#me.
t,ere nee"s to be a mec,anism in or"er to !et on$( t,e re$eant an" meanin!f#$
information in a $ess mess( format' Data s#mmariAation proi"es t,e capacit( to !ie
"ata cons#mers !enera$iAe ie% of "isparate b#$+s of "ata'

DATA A88RE8ATION& DATA A88RE8ATION& Data a!!re!ation is an( process in %,ic, information is
!at,ere" an" e5presse" in a s#mmar( form. for p#rposes s#c, as statistica$ ana$(sis' A
common a!!re!ation p#rpose is to !et more information abo#t partic#$ar !ro#ps base"
on specific ariab$es s#c, as a!e. profession. or income' :or e5amp$e. a site t,at se$$s
m#sic CDs mi!,t a"ertise certain CDs base" on t,e a!e of t,e #ser an" t,e "ata
a!!re!ate for t,eir a!e !ro#p'

DATA 7ABIDATION& DATA 7ABIDATION& In comp#ter science. "ata a$i"ation is t,e process of ens#rin! t,at
a pro!ram operates on c$ean. correct an" #sef#$ "ata' It #ses ro#tines. often ca$$e"
>a$i"ation r#$es> or >c,ec+ ro#tines>. t,at c,ec+ for correctness. meanin!f#$ness. an"
sec#rit( of "ata t,at are inp#t to t,e s(stem'

DATA TABUBATION& DATA TABUBATION& T,e process of p$acin! c$assifie" "ata into tab#$ar form is +no%n
as tab#$ation' A tab$e is a s(mmetric arran!ement of statistica$ "ata in ro%s an" co$#mns'
Ro%s are ,oriAonta$ arran!ements %,ereas co$#mns are ertica$ arran!ements'

STATISTICAB ANAB1SIS& STATISTICAB ANAB1SIS& Statistics is t,e st#"( of t,e co$$ection. or!aniAation. ana$(sis.
an" presentation of "ata' It "ea$s %it, a$$ aspects of t,is. inc$#"in! t,e p$annin! of "ata
co$$ection in terms of t,e "esi!n of s#re(s an" e5periments'
DATA T1PE
DATA T1PE
In comp#ter science an" comp#ter pro!rammin!. a "ata t(pe or simp$(
t(pe is a c$assification i"entif(in! one of ario#s t(pes of "ata. t,at
"etermines t,e possib$e a$#es for t,at t(peD t,e operations t,at can be
"one on a$#es of t,at t(peD t,e meanin! of t,e "ataD an" t,e %a(
a$#es of t,at t(pe can be store"' Data t(pes are #se" %it,in t(pe
s(stems. %,ic, offer ario#s %a(s of "efinin!. imp$ementin! an" #sin!
t,em' Basica$$(. t,ere are t,ree t(pes of "ata t(pe2 a$p,an#meric.
a$p,abetic an" n#meric "ata t(pe' In a$p,an#meric "ata t(pe.
a$p,abets. n#meric a$#es an" specia$ s(mbo$s inc$#"es' In a$p,abets
"ata t(pe. c,aracter a$#es inc$#"es an" In n#meric "ata t(pe.
n#meric a$#es $i+e inte!ers. f$oat. rea$ n#mbers inc$#"es' Common
"ata t(pes ma( inc$#"e&
Inte!ers
Boo$eans

C,aracters

:$oatin! point n#mbers

A$p,an#meric strin!s
AUDIO * 7IDEO AND T;EIR PRESENTATION2
AUDIO * 7IDEO AND T;EIR PRESENTATION2
In comp#ters. a#"io is t,e so#n" s(stem t,at comes %it, or can be a""e" to a
comp#ter'
7i"eo refers to recor"in!. manip#$atin!. an"
"isp$a(in! moin! ima!es. especia$$( in a format t,at can be presente" on a
te$eision' It refers to "isp$a(in! ima!es an" te5t on a comp#ter monitor'

A i"eo an" a#"io presentation is a !reat %a( to capt#re t,e attention of an
a#"ience. %,et,er in a b#siness meetin! or in a c$assroom' <,en a#"io an"
i"eo are combine" in a presentation. t,e en" res#$t is er( m#c, $i+e a moie' If
#ser nee" to create t,eir o%n i"eo an" a#"io presentation for an a#"ience. t,e(
can "o so #sin! an( stan"ar" i"eo2e"itin! soft%are. s#c, as <in"o%s Moie
Ma+er'
8RAP;IC * IT9S PRESENTATION2 8RAP;IC * IT9S PRESENTATION2
Refers to an( comp#ter "eice or pro!ram t,at ma+es a comp#ter capab$e of
"isp$a(in! an" manip#$atin! pict#res' T,e term a$so refers to t,e ima!es
t,emse$es' :or e5amp$e. $aser printers an" p$otters are !rap,ics "eices
beca#se t,e( permit t,e comp#ter to o#tp#t pict#res'
A t(pe of b#siness soft%are t,at enab$es #sers to create ,i!,$( st($iAe"
ima!es for s$i"e s,o%s an" reports' T,e soft%are inc$#"es f#nctions for creatin!
ario#s t(pes of c,arts an" !rap,s an" for insertin! te5t in a ariet( of fonts'
Presentation !rap,ics is often ca$$e" b#siness !rap,ics'
DIS@ OPERATIN8 S1STEM3DOS42
DIS@ OPERATIN8 S1STEM3DOS42
DOS 3Dis+ Operatin! S(stem4 %as t,e first
%i"e$(2insta$$e" operatin! s(stem for persona$
comp#ters' DOS %as6is a non2!rap,ica$ $ine2
oriente" comman"2 or men#2"rien operatin!
s(stem. %it, a re$atie$( simp$e interface b#t
not oer$( >frien"$(> #ser interface' T,e term
DOS can refer to an( operatin! s(stem. b#t it is
most often #se" as a s,ort,an" for MS2DOS
3Microsoft Dis+ Operatin! S(stem4' Ori!ina$$(
"ee$ope" b( Microsoft'
TEN COMMANDS O: DOS2
TEN COMMANDS O: DOS2
To "isp$a( Directories2
S(nta52 C&EF DIR S(nta52 C&EF DIR
o
To "isp$a( "irectories in pa!e %ise2
S(nta52 C&EF DIR6p S(nta52 C&EF DIR6p
o
To "isp$a( "irectories in %i"t, %ise2
S(nta52 C&EF DIR6% S(nta52 C&EF DIR6%
o
To "isp$a( "irectories as %e$$ as s#b "irectories2
S(nta52 C&EF DIR6s S(nta52 C&EF DIR6s
To ma+e "irector(2
S(nta52 C&EF M@DIR GDIRECTOR1 NAMEH S(nta52 C&EF M@DIR GDIRECTOR1 NAMEH
To remoe "irector(2
S(nta52 C&EF RMDIR GDIRECTOR1 NAMEH S(nta52 C&EF RMDIR GDIRECTOR1 NAMEH
To ma+e fi$e2
S(nta52 C&EF COP1 CON G:IBE NAMEH S(nta52 C&EF COP1 CON G:IBE NAMEH
I I
:IBE CONTENTS :IBE CONTENTS
J J
Ctr$KA Ctr$KA

To ie% fi$e2
S(nta52 C&EF T1PE G:IBE NAMEH
S(nta52 C&EF T1PE G:IBE NAMEH

To e"it fi$e2
S(nta52 C&EF EDIT G:IBE NAMEH
S(nta52 C&EF EDIT G:IBE NAMEH

To cop( a fi$e from one "rie to anot,er "rie2

S(nta52 C&EF COP1 GPAT;1H GPAT;)H
S(nta52 C&EF COP1 GPAT;1H GPAT;)H

To open a contro$ pane$2

S(nta52 C&EF CONTROB
S(nta52 C&EF CONTROB

To "e$ete a fi$e2
S(nta52 C&EF DEB G:IBE NAMEH
S(nta52 C&EF DEB G:IBE NAMEH

To c,an!e t,e c#rrent "rie2

S(nta52 C&EF GDRI7E NAMEH
S(nta52 C&EF GDRI7E NAMEH