Prepared by

K.ANANDHA BABU
Uploaded by
A.PARTHA SARATHI
apsparthu@gmail.com
III MECH KCET
In physics, a force is any external effort that
causes an object to undergo a certain change,
either concerning its movement, direction, or
geometrical construction.

1N is defined as the ability to accelarate a 1kg of
mass to 1

There are two broad classifications in the
methods of force measurement,
1.Direct method
2.Indirect method
s m/
2
Involves a direct comparision with a known
gravitational force on a standard mass say by
a balance
Types:
1. Equal arm balance
2. Analytical balance
3. Unequal arm balance
4. Multiple lever system
5. Pendulum scale
It involves the measurement of effect of force
on a body , such as acceleration of a body of
known mass subjected to force.
TYPES
1.Accelerometers 5.Bourden tube
2.Electromagnetic balance 6.Bellows
3.Loadcells 7.Pressure ductor
(i)Hydraulic load cell 8.Electronic Weighing System
(ii)Pneumatic load cell
4.Elastic loaded members
(i)coil springs
(ii)proven rings

It is a simple force measuring instrument.

It is used in many places such as grossary
shop, jewellary shop,etc.

TECHNIC IN MEASUREMENT OF FOFRCE
l l W W
l m l m
similarly
g g
1
2 2 1
2 2 1 1
/
,
. . . .
=
=
In the above eqn. both the length are same

So



2. ANALYTICAL BALANCE
3.UNEQUAL ARM BALANCE
4.MULTIBLE LEVER SYSTEM
5.PENDULUM SCALE
W W
2 1
=
A force will make a body to accelarate so by
measuring the accelaration we can find the
force by using the equation,

F=ma



Main parts
Photo electric transducer
Amplifier
coil suspended in magnetic field

Load cell are the force transducers intended
for weighing purpose
The load cells using hydraulic , pneumatic
and strain gauges are most common.
(i)Hydraulic load cell
(ii)Pneumatic load cell
(iii)Strain gauge load cell


It works on the principle of finding deflection
or strain produced in a body to measure the
force applied.
The basic relation used in elastic sensing
element is F=Kx
F= applied force in N
K=stiffness in N/m
X=deflection in m
(i)coil springs



The deflection of the spring when force F is
applied at the free end is given by the eq,

X = (8FDn)/(Gdd)

From the above equation we can find the force



Proven rings are steel rings used for
calibration of material testing machines in
situations where, due to their bulkness, dead
weight standards cannot be used.
Proven rings is a circular ring of rectangular
section and may support tensile or
compressive force across its diameter as
shown in fig.
Industrial Ring-Type Load Cells
3
4
2 16 EI
Fd K
(

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=
t
t
o


Bourdon tube pressure gages are extensively
used for local indication. This type of pressure
gages were first developed by E. Bourdon in
1849. Bourdon tube pressure gages can be used
to measure over a wide range of pressure: form
vacuum to pressure as high as few thousand psi.
It is basically consisted of a C-shaped hollow
tube, whose one end is fixed and connected to
the pressure tapping, the other end free, as
shown in fig.
The cross section of the tube is elliptical. When
pressure is applied, the elliptical tube tries to acquire
a circular cross section; as a result, stress is
developed and the tube tries to straighten up. Thus
the free end of the tube moves up, depending on
magnitude of pressure. A deflecting and indicating
mechanism is attached to the free end that rotates
the pointer. The materials used are commonly
Phosphor Bronze, Brass and Beryllium Copper. For a
overall diameter of the C-tube the useful travel of the
free end is "2

approximately"18. Though the C-type tubes are most
common, other shapes of tubes, such as helical,
twisted or spiral tubes are also in use.



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