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One mole of anything is 6.022 X 10 23 items, much like one dozen of something is 12. Atomic mass of an element corresponds to the average mass of a single atom in amu. The mass of one mol of an element depends on what that element is, and is equal to the atom mass of that element in grams.
One mole of anything is 6.022 X 10 23 items, much like one dozen of something is 12. Atomic mass of an element corresponds to the average mass of a single atom in amu. The mass of one mol of an element depends on what that element is, and is equal to the atom mass of that element in grams.
One mole of anything is 6.022 X 10 23 items, much like one dozen of something is 12. Atomic mass of an element corresponds to the average mass of a single atom in amu. The mass of one mol of an element depends on what that element is, and is equal to the atom mass of that element in grams.
The Mole Concept and Atoms Atomic mass unit 1 amu = 1.661 X 10 -24 g
Because the mass of one amu is so small, chemists deal with a much larger number of atoms while working with chemicals Mole One mole is defined as 6.022 X 10 23 . This refers to one mole of anything, eggs, paperclips, atoms. One mole of anything is 6.022 X 10 23 items. Much like one dozen of something is 12. This number, 6.022 X 10 23 is called Avogadros number, named after the scientist who conducted a series of experiments leading to the mole concept.
The mole concept The mole and the amu are related. For atoms, the atomic mass of an element corresponds to the average mass of a single atom in amu
And
The mass of a mole of atoms in grams. For example: The atomic mass of oxygen is 16.00 amu.
And
One mole of oxygen atoms (6.022 X 10 23
oxygen atoms) has a mass of 16.00 grams
Another example The atomic mass of iron (Fe) is 55.85 amu.
And
One mole of iron atoms (6.022 X 10 23
oxygen atoms) has a mass of 55.85 grams
And yet another example The atomic mass of radium (Ra) is 226 amu.
And
One mole of radium atoms (6.022 X 10 23
radium atoms) has a mass of 226 grams
Molar mass The mass of one mol (mole) of atoms in grams Note One mole of atoms of any element contains 6.022 X 10 23 atoms, regardless of the type of element. The mass of one mole of an element depends on what that element is, and is equal to the atom mass of that element in grams.
This means There are several conversions regarding atoms, moles, and mass Converting moles to atoms How many atoms are in 4 moles of H?
4 moles H X 6.022 X 10 23 atoms/mole = 24.088 X 10 23 atoms of hydrogen or 2.409 X 10 24 atoms
In this case you multiply the number of moles X the number of atoms in each mole. Converting atoms to moles Calculate the number of moles of copper represented by 3.26 X 10 24 atoms.
3.26 X 10 24 = 32.6 X 10 23 (ok, I did this step to make the math easier.)
32.6 X 10 23 / 6.022 X 10 23 = 5.413 X 10 23 moles of copper.
In this case, to convert atoms to moles, I divide the number of atoms by the number of atoms in one mol (by 6.022 X 10 23 ) Converting moles of a substance to mass in grams. What is the mass in grams of 5.6 mol of Neon?
The mass of one mole of Ne is the same as the atomic mass in g (20.18 g)
5.6 mol X 20.18 g/mol = 100.9 g of Ne Converting grams to numbers of atoms. How many atoms would be in a gold ring that weighs 25 g? First, find the number of moles of Gold in 25 g. Gold has an atomic mass of 107.9. So, 25 g / 107.9 g/mol = 0.2317 mol of gold are in the ring. Next, 0.2317 mol X (6.022 X 10 23 ) atoms/mol =1.395 X 10 23 atoms
When dealing with molecules. . . Like O 2
or H 2 , double the number of atoms, because there are 2 atoms per molecule. Remember, one mole of something is 6.022 X 10 23 of whatever it is. If it is molecules, its
6.022 X 10 23 of them . If it is atoms, its 6.022 x10 23 atoms. If there are 2 atoms per molecule you need to double the number of moles. 2 X (6.022 X 10 23 ) = 12.044 X 10 23 or 1.204 X 10 24
Homework Assignment # 10 Read p. 119-123. As you read, complete exercises 1-6. When you are done reading, answer problems 23-36 on p. 146-147 Chapter 4: Calculations and the Chemical Equation Section 4.2: The Chemical Formula, Formula Weight, and Molar Mass Chemical Formula A combination of symbols of the various elements that make up the compound. Formula Unit The smallest amount of atoms that provides the following information The identity of atoms in the compound The relative numbers of each type of atom Examples Molecule vs ion pair Covalent compounds form molecules, and when calculating formula weight all of the atoms in the compound are added together. Ion pairs (ionic compounds) form crystalline structures. Its the smallest group of ions that are listed in the formula for these types of chemicals. Formula weight vs Molecular Weight The sum of all of the atomic weights in the compound in an ionic compound its the formula weight. In a covalent compound its the molecular weight. Molar Mass The mass of one mole of the compound or the formula weight in grams. Examples Conversions using Formula Weight Finding the number of moles corresponding to a certain number of grams.
Conversions using Formula Weight Finding grams corresponding to a certain number of moles. Homework Assignment #11 Read p. 123-126. On p. 147 Exercises 37-58 Chapter 4: Calculations and the Chemical Equation Section 3: The Chemical Equation and the Information it Conveys Chemical equation The shorthand notation for a chemical reaction, where one substance changes chemically into another substance. An example: burning sugar Reactants The starting materials that undergo a chemical change Products The ending materials that are produced by a chemical reaction. Additional information in a chemical reaction Physical state of the substance (solid, liquid, or gas) If the reaction occurs Identifies the solvent, if there is one. (A solvent is the solution the materials are dissolved in, such as water.) Experimental conditions such as heat, light, or electrical energy added Most importantly The chemical equation identifies the relative number of moles of reactants and products. According to the Law of Conservation of Mass Matter cannot be gained or lost in the process of a chemical reaction The total mass of the products must equal the total mass of the reactants The chemical equation must be balanced. Features of a chemical reaction. CaCO 3 (s)
CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) Reactants are on the left of the arrow. The arrow indicates the reaction occurs in one direction. The products are on the right of the arrow. Features of a chemical reaction. CaCO 3 (s)
CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) s indicates the chemical is a solid substance g indicates the substance is a gas l would indicat e the substa nce were a liquid. Features of a chemical reaction. CaCO 3 (s)
CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) The indicates that energy was necessary for the chemical reaction to occur Features of a chemical reaction. CaCO 3 (s)
CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) The main feature of a chemical equation is that it is balanced, with the same number of elements in compounds on both sides of the arrow. The experimental basis of a chemical equation Evidence for a chemical reaction includes:
The release of a gas resulting in bubbles
The formation of a solid (precipitate) in solution
The production of heat resulting in an increase in temperature
A change in color of a substance The experimental basis of a chemical equation Sometimes instruments must be used to measure subtle changes that indicate a chemical reaction.
Heat or light absorbed or emitted
Changes in the way a sample behaves in an electrical or magnetic field
Changes in electrical properties Writing Chemical Reactions Most reactions follow a few simple patterns
Combination reactions
Decomposition reactions
Replacement reactions
Combination reactions Involve the joining or combining of two or more compounds The general form of the reaction is A + B AB
Combination reactions Examples include: Combination of a metal and non-metal to form a salt
Ca(s) + Cl 2 (g)
CaCl 2 (s)
Reaction of magnesium oxide and carbon dioxide to produce magnesium carbonate
MgO(s) + CO 2 (g) MgCO 3 (s)
Decomposition Reactions Reactions that produce two or more products from a single reactant. The general form for the reaction is AB A + B Decomposition reactions Examples include The removal of water from a hydrate (a substance that has water molecules linked in its structure)
CuSO 4 5H 2 O(s) CuSO 4 (s) + 5H 2 O(g)
The heating of calcium carbonate to produce calcium oxide and carbon dioxide gas
CaCO 3 (s) CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) Replacement ReactionsSingle Replacement Single replacement reactions is where one atom replaces another in the compound The general formula is A + BC AC + B Replacement Reactions Examples include
The replacement of copper by zinc in copper sulfate forming zinc sulfate
Zn(s) + CuSO 4 (aq) Zn SO 4 (aq) + Cu(s) Replacement ReactionsDouble Replacement Two compounds that switch atoms with each other The general formula is AB + CD AD + CB Replacement ReactionsDouble Replacement Examples include The formation of salt and water with the reaction of a base and an acid
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) H 2 O(l) + NaCl(aq) Types of Chemical Reactions There are four main types of chemical reactions Precipitation reactions
Reactions with Oxygen
Acid-base reactions
Oxidation-reduction reactions Precipitation reactions A chemical change that produces an insoluble product that will form a solid. Usually the solid can be seen falling out of the solution, hence, called precipitation. At other times the solid makes the solution turn from clear to cloudy. Solubility predictions Na, K, and ammonium compounds are generally soluble.
Nitrates and acetates are generally soluble
Chlorides, bromides, and iodides are generally soluble. However, iodine compounds that contain lead, silver, and mercury are insoluble.
Carbonates and phosphates are generally insoluble. Sodium, potassium, and ammonium carbonates and phosphates are soluble.
Hydroxides and sulfides are generally insoluble. Sodium, potassium, calcium, and ammonium compounds are however soluble. Reactions with oxygen Many substances react with oxygen. If the substance contains carbon, then carbon dioxide is usually produced. If the substance contains hydrogen, then water is usually produced. An example is iron turning to rust 4Fe(s) + 3O 2 (g) 2Fe 2 O 3 (s) This number is called a coefficient, and indicates the number of molecules or moles that reacts with the other compounds. Acid-base Reactions This involves an acid combining with a base to form a salt. An example would be
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(aq)
Oxidation Reduction Reactions Involves the transfer of negative charge from one reactant to another. The reaction of zinc with copper would be an example.
Zn(s) + Cu 2+ (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cu (s)
These specific reactions will be discuss in further detail at a later time. Homework Assignment #12 p. 147 Answer questions 59-68 Read p. 126-136. Answer the exercises in the reading that were not answered in class as examples. Chapter 4: Calculations and the Chemical Equation Section 4: Balancing Chemical Equations The chemical equation Shows the molar quantity of reactants needed to produce a certain molar quantity of products. since The number of atoms in a molecule cannot be changed (it would make an entirely different compound) coefficients (whole numbers that show the numbers of entire molecules) are used to balance a chemical equation For example, in the equation CaCO 3 (s)
CaO(s) + CO 2 (g)
On the reactant side On the product side 1 mole Ca 1 mole Ca 1 mole C 1 mole C 3 moles of O 3 moles of O Since there are the same numbers of each type of molecules on both sides of the arrow, the equation is balanced. HCl(aq) + Ca(s) CaCl 2 (s) + H 2 (g)
On the reactant side On the product side 1 mole H 2 mole H 1 mole Cl 2 moles Cl 1 mole Ca 1 mole Ca Since there are not the same number of moles on both sides of this equation, the equation is not balanced. HCl(aq) + Ca(s) CaCl 2 (s) + H 2 (g)
2HCl(aq) + Ca(s) CaCl 2 (s) + H 2 (g) To balance the equation, place a coefficient of 2 in front of the HCl. Steps to balancing a chemical equation Step 1: Count the number of moles of atoms of each element on both product and reactant side H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) H 2 O(l) On the reactant side: 2 moles of H 2 moles of O On the product side: 2 moles of H 1 mole of O Steps to balancing a chemical equation Step 2: Determine which elements are not balanced. H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) H 2 O(l) The oxygen atoms are not balanced in this equation. Steps to balancing a chemical equation Step 3: Balance one element at a time. H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) H 2 O(l) First: H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 O(l) Then 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 O(l)
Steps to balancing a chemical equation Step 4: After you believe you have successfully balanced the equation, check to make sure you have the same number of atoms on both sides of the equation. 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 O(l) 4 moles of H 2 moles of O 4 moles of H 2 moles of O Homework Assignment #13 p. 147 Answer questions 69-84 Read p. 136-145. Answer the exercises in the reading that were not answered in class as examples.
Chapter 4: Calculations and the Chemical Equation Section 4.5: Calculations Using the Chemical Equation Calculations Using Chemical Equations Using the chemical formulas to calculate amounts of materials needed or produced can be done once you have a balanced chemical equation. In order to carry out chemical calculations the following guidelines must be followed. The chemical formulas of ALL the products and reactants must be known The basis for the calculations is the balanced chemical equation. Be sure all of the equations are balanced first. The calculations are performed in terms of moles.
Use of Conversion Factors-- conversion between moles and grams. Example: convert 10 moles of NaCl to grams
The formula mass of NaCl is the molecular mass of Na + the molecular mass of Cl (22.99 + 35.45 = 58.44 grams per mole.
10 moles NaCl X 55.44 grams = 554.4 grams of NaCl 1 mole Use of Conversion Factors--conversion between moles and grams. Example: How many moles of CaCl 2
would 23 grams contain?
The formula mass of CaCl 2 equals the atomic mass of Ca and 2 X the atomic mass of Cl (40.08 + 2(35.45) = 110.98)
23 grams X 1 mole = 0.207 moles 110.98 grams Use of Conversion Factors Conversion of moles of reactants to moles of products. Once you have a balanced chemical equation, develop a conversion factor of reactants to products. After you have done that you can: Calculate reacting quantities Calculate grams of product produced Relate the mass of reactants and products Converting moles of reactants to moles of product 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 O(l)
In this equation: 2 moles of H 2 will react with 1 mole of O 2 to produce 2 moles of H 2 O. 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 O(l) To calculate the number of grams of H 2 O produced by 1 mole of O 2
1. Convert from moles of O 2 to moles of H 2 O
1 mole O 2 x 2 moles H 2 O = 2 moles H 2 O produced
2. Convert the moles of H 2 O to grams of H 2 O 2 moles X 18.016 grams = 1 mole 36.032 grams
Relating masses of reactants and products CaCO 3 (s)
CaO(s) + CO 2 (g)
How many grams of Ca0 will be produced by 100.0 grams of CaCO 3 ?
First, determine how many moles will be produced.
CaCO 3 (s)
CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) One mole of CaCO 3 will produce one mole of CaO Next, determine how many grams of each are in each mole of substance. CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) 1 mole of CaCO 3 has a formula mass of 100.09 grams 1 mole of CaO has a mass of 56.06 grams 0.9991 moles CaCO3 will produce 0.9991 moles CaO
0.9991 moles CaO X 56.06 grams = 56.00 grams CaO 1 mole 100 grams CaCO 3 X 1 mole CaCO 3 = 0.9991 moles CaCO 3
100.09 grams CaCO 3
Theoretical and percent yield If a chemical reaction occurs, in theory you can calculate how much of the product is created. This would be the maximum amount that is produced. However, in the real world often not all the possible product are produced in a chemical reaction. Theoretical yield The maximum amount of product that could be produced determined by calculations using the chemical equation. Percent yield The ratio of the actual and theoretical yields determined by the formula
%yield = actual yield X 100% Theoretical yield Example: 2HCl(aq) + Ca(s) CaCl 2 (s) + H 2 (g)
Assume the theoretical yield of CaCl 2 in this equation were 30 g. If the actual yield of CaCl 2 were 25 g, calculate the percentage yield.
%yield = actual yield X 100% Theoretical yield
25 g X 100 = 83.3% 30g Homework Assignment p. 147-148 Exercises 85-104 (odd)