YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1

YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
What i s Bi ochemi s t r y?
YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
TOPI C 1
INTRODUCTION TO
BIOCHEMISTRY
YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
BIOLOGICAL
MOLECULES
MISCELLANEOUS
FUNCTIONS
MOLECULES
MACRO-
MOLECULES
MONOMERS
METABOLIC
INTERMEDIATES
YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS LIPIDS
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MACROMOLECULES
CARBOHYDRATES
A compound with the
formula (CH2O)n
where n 3
Also known as
saccharide
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PROTEINS
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A macromolecule that
consists of one or
more polypeptide
chains
NUCLEIC ACIDS
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A polymer of nucleotide
residues
Also known as
polynucleotide
The major nucleic acids
are deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) & ribonucleic
acid (RNA)
LIPIDS
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Biological molecules
largely/ wholly
hydrophobic
Soluble in e.g.
hexane
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MONOMERS
SUGARS
AMINO
ACIDS
NUCLEOTIDES FATTY ACIDS
SUGARS
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AMINO ACIDS
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NUCLEOTIDES
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FATTY ACIDS
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YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
METABOLIC
INTERMEDIATES
The precursors or
metabolites of
biologically
significant molecule
YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1

ANABOLISM
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MISCELLANEOUS
FUNCTIONS MOLECULES
VITAMINS STEROIDS HORMONES
ATP
CYCLIC
AMP
UREA
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MISCELLANEOUS
FUNCTIONS MOLECULES
An organic
compound required
by organism

YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
MISCELLANEOUS
FUNCTIONS MOLECULES
STEROIDS
Arrangement of four cycloalkane
rings that are joined to each other.
Examples of steroids include the
dietary fat cholesterol, the sex
hormones estradiol and testosterone
and the anti-inflammatory drug
dexamethasone.
Hundreds of distinct steroids
are found in plants, animals
and fungi.
The core of steroids is composed of twenty carbon atoms bonded together
that take the form of four fused rings: three cyclohexane rings (designated
as rings A, B and C in the figure to the right) and one cyclopentane ring
(the D ring). The steroids vary by the functional groups attached to this
four-ring core and by the oxidation state of the rings.
Sterols are special forms of steroids, with a hydroxyl group at position-3
YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
MISCELLANEOUS
FUNCTIONS MOLECULES
HORMONES
Chemical released by a cell,
a gland, or an organ in one
part of the body that affects
cells in other parts of the
organism.
Generally, only a small
amount of hormone is
required to alter cell
metabolism.
In essence, it is a chemical
messenger that transports a
signal from one cell to
another.
YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
MISCELLANEOUS
FUNCTIONS MOLECULES
ATP
The structure of this
molecule consists of a
purine base (adenine)
attached to the 1' carbon
atom of a pentose sugar
(ribose). Three phosphate
groups are attached at
the 5' carbon atom of the
pentose sugar. .
YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside
triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme.
It is often called the "molecular unit of currency" of
intracellular energy transfer.
ATP transports chemical energy within cells for
metabolism.
YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
MISCELLANEOUS
FUNCTIONS MOLECULES
CYCLIC AMP
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic AMP or
3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second
messenger important in many biological processes.
cAMP is derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and
used for intracellular signal transduction in many different
organisms, conveying the cAMP-dependent pathway.
cAMP is a second messenger, used for intracellular
signal transduction.
YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
MISCELLANEOUS
FUNCTIONS MOLECULES
UREA
Urea or carbamide is an organic
compound with the chemical
formula CO(NH
2
)
2
. The molecule
has two NH
2
groups joined by a
carbonyl (C=O) functional group
UREA
Urea serves an important role in the metabolism of nitrogen-
containing compounds by animals and is the main nitrogen-
containing substance in the urine of mammals
It is a colorless, odorless solid, highly soluble in water and
practically non-toxic (LD
50
is 15 g/kg for rat).
Dissolved in water, it is neither acidic nor alkaline
Urea is widely used in fertilizers as a convenient source of
nitrogen. Urea is also an important raw material for the chemical
industry
YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
WATER
also known as hydrogen oxide @ Oxidane
a water molecule contains one oxygen and
two hydrogen atoms
connected by covalent bonds
The two covalent bonds form an angle of
104.5
o
to each other
The polarized form of the water molecule,
H
+
OH

YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
WATER
The two hydrogen atoms in water molecule (H
2
O)
are connected to the oxygen via covalent bonds
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves
the sharing of electron pairs between atoms
which means the hydrogen and oxygen share
electrons
YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
The molecules in liquid water are said to engage
in hydrogen bonding between molecules
Water molecules are very polar because the
oxygen has a partial negative charge and the
hydrogens have partial positive charges
Because it is so polar, water can form hydrogen
bonds, where the oxygen from one molecule of
water has a strong attraction to the hydrogen
atoms in another molecule of water
YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
These H-bonds are strong compared to other
intermolecular forces, but still fairly weak
compared to the covalent bonds within the water
molecules.
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Put on your thinking cap!
What will happen to these
molecules when water is in the:

iced form & at room
temperature?
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YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES
OF WATER
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METABOLISM SUPPORT LUBRICANTS
MEDIUM OF
TRANSPORT
SOLVENT
ROLES OF WATER - METABOLISM
Chemical reactions take place in cells. Collectively
these reactions together are called metabolism
Water is a metabolite in many reactions, either as a
reactant or as a product of reaction.
it's involved in photosynthesis, digestion &
aerobic respiration.
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Cont
When water reacts with a chemical to break
it into smaller molecules the reaction is
described as hydrolysis.
When water is formed as one of the
products when two molecules join together
the reaction is described as condensation.


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ROLES OF WATER - SUPPORT
The uptake of water by plant cells creates a
pressure against the rigid cell wall.
This turgor pressure helps non-woody
plants to remain upright
Water provides buoyancy for aquatic
organisms, e.g whales
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Water has a high specific tension and water
molecules have cohesive forces holding
them together, due to hydrogen bonding
between water molecules
These properties allow aquatic insects to
walk on the surface of water, and water to
be pulled through xylem in plants.

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ROLES OF WATER - LUBRICANT
Synovial fluid between our joints is to
lubricate our joints, preventing the joints
from getting friction from each other.
It also absorbs shocks or impact force,
avoiding both of the joints from bumping
into each other.
Other examples include tears, mucus in the
lungs, throat, and nose,
YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
ROLES OF WATER MED. OF
TRANSPORT
Transport of nutrients, e.g. glucose and
amino acids in blood, and sucrose in
phloem
The plasma which constitutes of nearly 55
% of fluid part of blood contains 90% of
water
Water is also essential in intra and inter
cellular transport.
YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
ROLES OF WATER - SOLVENT
The water acts as a solvent for chemical
reactions
Secretion of substances, e.g. hormones,
digestive juices
Removal of excretory products, e.g.
ammonia, urea

YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1
YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1