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Contribution of Ghiyath
alDin Jamshid Masud
alKashi in the field of
mathematics

Al-Kashi came from early fifteenth
century. He is a part of great moment
when Islamic culture was well
developed. That made his inventory
was greatly affected so much by this
culture.


As he lived, Al-Kashi made a great invention to
mathematics field. He was the man who
developed and put decimal fraction into a
convenient notation. He introduced the way we
are recognizing by now the notation of
fraction which is presented by horizontal line
separating two integer parts, namely a and b
from decimal part. He was also the man who
completed Hindu-Arabic place value system.

He was also paid for his contribution by an
astronomer who ruled a major domain in
central asia that moment. The astronomer
was called Ulugh Beg, the one who was
engaged in ambitious project of completing
sinus and tangent table. Al-Kashi made
sin table based on a circle of radius 60. He
was also the man who came with an idea of
triple angle formula as we have already
known at this moment.


Al-Kashi (1380 - 1429) was a renowned
mathematician and astronomer in early fifteenth-
century Persia and Central Asia. In 1424 Al-
Kashi published a treatise on circumference, in
which he calculated "pi", the ratio of a circle's
circumference to its diameter, to nine decimal
places. Nearly two hundred years would pass
before another mathematician surpassed this
achievement.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF GHIYATH
AL-DIN JAMSHID MASUD AL-
KASHI
A BRIEF HISTORY OF GHIYATH
AL-DIN JAMSHID MASUD AL-
KASHI
There are various spellings given for Al-
Kashi's full name, but the Standard English
transliteration seems to be Ghiyath al-Din
Jamshid Mas'ud al-Kashi. He was born in
1380 in Kashan, a desert town in Iran located
near the Central Iranian Range


Mift al-isb (The Key of Arithmetic) or Mift al-ussb fi ilm al-isb
(The Key of Reckoners in the Science of Arithmetic).

Risal-muityya (Treatise on the Circumference)

Talkhis al-Miftah (Compendium of the Key)

Risla dar shar-i lt-i rasd (Treatise on the Explanation of Observational
Instruments)

Mukhtasar dar lim-i hay at (Compendium on the Science of Astronomy) or
Risla dar hay at ( Treatise on Astronomy).

Zij-i Khaqni f takml-i Zij-i lkhn (Khaqni Zij perfection of lkhn
Zij)

Risla al-watar wal-jaib (Treatise on the Chord and Sine)

Ilkat an-Nuzha (Supplement to the Excursion)


Sullam al-sam fi all ishkl waqaa lil-muqaddim fil-abd
wal-ajrm ( The Stairway of Heven, on Resolution of Difficulties Met by
Predecessors in the Determination of Distances and Sizes)

Nuzha al-adiq fi kayfiyya sansa al-la al-musamm bi tabaq al-
mantiq (The Garden Excursion,; on the Method of Construction of the
Instrument Called Plate of Heavens)

In The Treatise on the Chord and Sine, al-Kashi
computed sin 1 to nearly as much accuracy as his
value for .He also improved the method that his
ancestor Sharaf al-Dn al-Ts used. In algebra and
numerical analysis, he developed an iterative method
for solving cubic equations In order to determine sin
1, al-Kashi discovered the following formula often
attributed to Franois Vite in the 16th century:


Ghiyath Al-Din Jamshid Al-Kashi
(1380-1429)
Multiple Algorithms and
Multiple Solution
Five different multiplication algorithms are given
in Treatise
The first one using a lattice contains as many rows
as the number of multiplicand digits, and as many
columns as the number of multiplier digits; then we
divide each cell diagonally into two triangles. For
example, the multiplication of 7806 by 175 is
represented by

Multiple Algorithms and Multiple
Solution
Figure 1: multiplication process represented by
lattice from al-Nabulsi (1977, p.57)
Multiple Algorithms and Multiple
Solution
we start by multiplying the first digit from the multiplier by
every digit from the multiplicand. The multiplication of 358
by 624 is represented by the following:


Figure 2: multiplication process representation
from al-Nabulsi (1977, p. 59).
Multiple Algorithms and Multiple
Solution
Another way: If the number of digits in the
multiplicand is large. The multiplication of
2783 by 456 is represented as follows:


Figure 3 : Multiplication process
representation from al-Nabulsi (1977, p. 61).


Multiple Algorithms and
Multiple Solution
The sixth problem in Section I is:
A piece of jewellery is made from gold and pearl. Its weight is three
methqals3
The Key to Arithmetic introduces four different methods to solve
this problem. In modern symbols these become and its price is
twenty-four dinars. The price of one methqal of gold is five dinars,
and of pearl is fifteen dinars. We want to know the weight of each
kind
By algebra: let be the gold weight. Then the pearl weight
becomes 3.
The pearl price =15(3)=4515
The jewellery price =4515+5=4510=24
We get =2.1 methqals, the gold weight. Then the pearl weight is
0.9 methqal.

Multiple Algorithms and Multiple
Solution


One of al-Kashis methods to solve word problems
is using these rules; he refers to this as maftoohat (
.(
By maftoohat: the gold weight is (translating the
original Arabic words to mathematical symbols)


Multiple Algorithms and Multiple
Solution
By geometry: We represent the problem as in the following picture.






Figure 6: Geometric illustration from al-Nabulsi (1977, p. 500).
This last approach presents a way to think geometrically
about this problem, by considering weight and price
magnitudes represented by sides of a rectangle, and the
product of these magnitudes is the rectangle area.


Law of Cosines and Jamshid al-Kashi
Figure: Triangle.

The angles , , and are respectively opposite the sides a,
b, and c.
In trigonometry, the law of cosines (also known as the
cosine formula or cosine rule) is a statement about a
general triagnle that relates the lengths of its sides to the
cosine if one of its angles. Using notation as in Fig., the
law of cosines states that

Law of Cosines and Jamshid al-Kashi
The law of cosines may be used for
calculating the length of one side of a triangle
when the angle of the opposite this side, and
the length of the other two sides, are known.
The law may be expressed as c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
-
2abcos(C), where a, b, and c are triangle side
lengths and C is an angle between sides a and
b.

Law of Cosines and Jamshid al-Kashi
The law of cosines is useful for computing the third
side of a triangle when two sides and their enclosed
angle are known, and in computing the angles of a
triangle if all three sides are known.
By changing which sides of the triangle play the
roles of a, b, and c in the original formula, one
discovers that the following two formulas also state
the law of cosines:



Law of Cosines and Jamshid al-
Kashi
Application of Law of Cosines: An Example
Two cars leave a city at the same time and travel along straight highways
that differ in direction by 80
0
. One car averages 60 miles per hour and the
other averages 50 miles per hour. How far apart will the cars be after 90
minutes?
Solution:
Determine how far each car has traveled during the 90 minutes
d1 = distance of car 1
d2 = distance of car 2
r1 = rate of car 1 = 60 mph
r2 = rate of car 2 = 50 mph
t = time traveled = 90 minutes = 1.5 hours
d1 = r1 t , d2 = r2 t
d1 = (60 mph) (1.5 hrs), d2 = (50 mph) (1.5 hrs)
d1 = 90 mi, d2 = 75 mi

Law of Cosines and Jamshid al-Kashi
Draw diagram of situation

Calculation: c
2
= a
2
+b
2
-2abcosc
c
2
= (75)
2
+ (90)
2
-27590cos80
0

c
2
=11380.6224
c=106.68 107 mi
Fixed Point Iteration Method
He wrote The Reckoners Key which summarizes arithmetic
and contains work on algebra and geometry. In another
work, alKashi applied the method now known as fixed-point
iteration to solve a cubic equation having as a root.
Generally, for an equation of the form x = f(x).
We define the iteration.
Another more famous fixed point iteration coming much later
is Newtons Method-

He also worked on solutions of systems of equations and
developed methods for finding the nth root of a number
Horners method today.


Fixed Point Iteration Method


Fixed Point Iteration Method
Calculation of PI

Al-Ksh wrote his most important works in
Samarkand. In July 1424 he completed Risla al-
muitiyya (The Treatise on the Circumference),
masterpiece of computational technique resulting in
the determination of 2 to sixteen decimal places.
Concretely, al-Ksh posed the problem of calculating
the said ratio with such precision that the error in the
circumference whose diameter is equal to 600,000
diameters of the earth will be smaller than the
thickness of a horses hair. Al-Ksh used the
following Old Iranian units of measurement:


Calculation of PI
1 parasang (about 6 kilometers) = 12,000 cubits,
1 cubit = 24 inches (or fingers),
1 inch = 6 widths of a medium-size grain of barley,
I width of a barley grain = 6 thicknesses of a horses
hair.
The great-circle circumference of the earth is considered
to be about 8,000 parasangs, so al-Kshs
requirement is equivalent to the computation of
with an error no greater than the width of a horses
hair.
Calculation of PI
Al-Kshs measurement of the circumference is based
on a computation of the perimeters of regular
inscribed and circumscribed polygons, as had been
done by Archimedes, but it follows a somewhat
different procedure. Al-Kashi applied his
fundamental theorem to calculate successively the
value of the chord c
n
of the arc
n
0
= 180
o

360
o
/3(2
n
) (where n 0). From his fundamental
theorem al-Kashi obtained the identity

Calculation of PI
From here he found the lengths of the sides of inscribed
and circumscribed regular polygons each with 3(2
n
)
sides (n 1), in a given circle. Then he determined
the number of sides of the inscribed regular polygon
in a circle whose radius is six hundred times the
radius of the Earth in a such a way that the difference
between the circumference of the circle and the
perimeter of the inscribed regular polygon in this
circle will become less than the width of a horses hair.

Calculation of PI
Al Kashi continued to use his fundamental theorem to calculate
the value of , correct to 16 decimal places, using inscribed
and circumscribed polygons, each with 3(2
28
) = 805,306,368
sides.
In the third section of his treatise al-Ksh ascertains that the
required accuracy will be attained in the case of the regular
polygon with 32
28
= 805, 306, 368 sides.
He resumes the computation of the chords in twenty-eight
extensive tables; he verifies the extraction of the roots by
squaring and also by checking by 59 (analogous to the
checking by 9 in decimal numeration); and he establishes the
number of sexagesimal places to which the values used must be
taken.


Calculation of PI
Finally the best approximation for 2 r is
accepted as the arithmetic mean whose
sexagesimal value for r = 1 is 6 16
I
59
II
28
III

1I
V
34
V
51
VI
46
VII
14
VIII
50
IX
, where all places are
correct. In the eighth section al-Ksh
translates this value into the decimal fraction
2= 6.2831853071795865, correct to sixteen
decimal places. This superb result far
surpassed all previous determinations of .

Conclusion
Finally we can say that Al Kashi was a
remarkable scientist, one of the most famous
in the world, who had a perfect command of the
science of the ancients, who contributed to its
development, and who could solve the most
difficult problems.
He made a platform to do research on
mathematics by expressing mathematics in a
simple way.