Job Analysis & Design

(JAD)
Chapter 1 & 2
Introduction
Methods of Job Analysis
Work-Oriented Methods
Building Blocks of Job Analysis Methods
Kinds of job data collected
Methods of gathering data
Sources of job information
Units of analysis-what gets analyzed, including
the level of detail

Descriptors-Kinds of data collected
Organizational philosophy and structure
Licensing and other government-mandated requirement
Responsibilities
Professional standards
Job context
Products and services
Machines tools, equipment, work aids, and checklists
Work performance indicators
Personal job demands
Elemental motions
Workers activities
Work activities
Workers characteristic requirements
Future changes
Critical incidents
Methods of data collection
Observing
Interviewing individuals
Group interviews
Technical conference
Questionnaires
Dairies
Equipment based methods
Reviewing records
Reviewing literature
Studying equipment design specifications
Doing the work
Sources of job analysis data
The job analyst
The jobholders immediate supervisor
A high-level executive or manager
The jobholder
A technical expert such as a chemist or college
professor
An organizational training specialist
Clients or customers
Other organizational units
Written documents
Previous job analyses
Units of analysis
Duties
Tasks
Activities
Elemental motions
Job dimensions
Worker characteristics requirements
Scales applied to units of work
Scales applied to worker characteristic requirements
Qualitative versus quantitative analysis
Job analysis methods
Methods of job analysis
Work-oriented methods
Worker-oriented methods
Hybrid methods


Work Oriented Methods
Time and motion study
Functional job analysis (FJA)
Department of labor (DOL) method
Fines FJA
Task Inventory
Comprehensive Occupational Data Analysis Program
Work Performance Survey System
Critical incident technique

Primary Function of Work-Oriented method
The primary function of work-oriented job
analysis method is to allow the job analyst to
understand what the worker does in the job
and to document and communicate that
understanding.
The four methods differ from each other in
achieving the above purpose.
Time and Motion Study
Evolved from Industrial engineering not from Industrial psychology

Frederick Taylor Brick-layers and physically disabled workers
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth

Mostly used in manufacturing and construction industries

Time and Motion Study
Time Study discover the time taken to complete a given task/job
Motion Study discover the sequence of steps in completing a task

Effectiveness and efficiency are improved through a deliberate
process designed as result of time and motion study.

Time Study
Work sampling
Standard setting
Stopwatch time study
Predetermined time systems
Industry standard data


Time Study
Work sampling
Standard setting
Stopwatch time study
Predetermined time systems
Industry standard data
Motion study
(one best way )
Graphs and Flowcharts
Micromotion analysis
Recording techniques

Motion study
(one best way )
Graphs and Flowcharts
Micromotion analysis
Recording techniques

Functional job analysis (FJA)
Functional job analysis (FJA)
Department of labor (DOL) method
Fines FJA

U.S. department of labor DOL was tasked to match
people to the jobs
DOL apart from administrative functions information
considered necessary to match people and jobs were:
Description of work
Description of workers qualifications


Initially each agency compiled information
based on their sources, created own job titles
having own meaning.
Lack of common language failed the purpose
First in 1939 Dictionary of Occupational Titles
(DOT 1939) was published
Later O*NET (Occupational information
Network) was developed and replaced DOT


Job Description from DOT
Fundamental Distinction of FJA
What gets done versus what the worker does

Jobs goals aims, responsibilities but what
steps required to accomplish them?


Worker Functions
FJA based on three aspects of work
Data
People
Things
In FJA functions with in data, people, things are
arranged in hierarchy of complexity.
Sample definitions of worker function
FJA Job Analysis procedure
Job analyst gathers information
Books , periodicals etc
Flow charts, organizational charts
Early job descriptions
From other agencies

Describing the work
Worker functions (data, people, things)
Work fields
Methods verbs
Machines, tool, equipment and work aids
(MTEWA)
Materials, products, subject matter, and
services (MPSMS)


FJA Grammar
Structure of task statement
Fines FJA
Additional scales
Work involvement
Reasoning development
Mathematical development
Language development
Task Inventories
Comprehensive occupational data program
CODAP
Work performance survey system WPSS



Critical Incident Technique
This technique was developed in world war II
SMEs to recall specific instances of workers
behaviors on the job