DATA BASE

MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
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INFROMATION
Is nothing but refined data, data that have
been put into a meaningful and useful
context and communicated to a recipient who
uses it to make decisions.
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INFORMATION CYCLE
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DATABASE ?
A database consists of data, relationships,
constraints and a schema
Constraints Eg referential integrity
Schemas define organization of data

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NEED FOR A DATABASE
Redundancy can be reduced
Inconsistency can be avoided
Data can be shared
Standards can be enforced
Security restrictions can be applied
Integrity can be maintained
Conflicting requirements can be balanced
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CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA IN A DATABASE
Shared
Persistence (exist permanently)
Validity/Integrity/Correctness
Security
Consistency
Non-redundancy
Independence (at the 3 levels internal, conceptual, external of
schema=plan)
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DBMS ?
Database Management System
A DBMS is a system software package that
helps the use of integrated collection of data
records and files known as databases. It
allows different user application programs to
easily access the same database.

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DBMS ?
Data base management system is the
system in which related data is stored in an
"efficient" and "compact" manner.
Efficient - the data which is stored in the
DBMS is accessed in very quick time.
Compact - the data which is stored in DBMS
covers very less space in computer's
memory.
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DBMS COMPONENTS
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COMPONENTS OF DBMS
Transaction Management
A transaction is a sequence of database operations that
represents a logical unit of work and that accesses a
database and transforms it from one state to another.
Eg: ATM withdrawal
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COMPONENTS OF DBMS
Concurrency control
is the database management activity of co-
ordinating the actions of database
manipulating process that operate
concurrently (parallel), access shared data
and can potentially interfere with one
another. (update different tables with the
same data)

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COMPONENTS OF DBMS
Recovery Management
The recovery management system in a
database ensures that the aborted or failed
transactions create non adverse effect on the
database or the other transitions.

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COMPONENTS OF DBMS
Security Management
Security refers to the protection of data
against unauthorized access. Security
mechanism of a DBMS make sure that only
authorized users are given access to the
data in the database

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COMPONENTS OF DBMS
Language Interface
The DBMS provides support languages used
for the definition and manipulation of data in
the database. DDL, DML, DCL
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COMPONENTS OF DBMS
Storage Management
The DBMS provides a mechanism for
management of permanent storage of the
data.
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DATA CATALOG MANAGEMENT
Data catalog or Data Dictionary is a system
database that contains descriptions of the
data in the database (metadata).
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The importance of databases and the historical progression from flat-
file databases to relational databases
DATABASES
Database Management System (DBMS) is
software that manages the database and
controls the access and use of data by
individual users and applications.
Relationships
One-to-One
One-to-Many
Many-to-Many
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The importance of databases and the historical progression from flat-
file databases to relational databases
DATABASE MODELS
Hierarchical Database Model
Inverted tree structure
Parentchild, represent one-to-many relationships
Record pointer
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The importance of databases and the historical progression from flat-file
databases to relational databases
DATABASE MODELS
Network Database Model
Replaces hierarchical tree structure with a graph
More complex relationship linkages by use of
shared branches
Eg: If an employee works for 2 departments, strict
hierarchical relationship is not possible.
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The importance of databases and the historical progression from flat-file
databases to relational databases
DATABASE MODELS
Relational Model
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The importance of databases and the historical progression from flat-file
databases to relational databases
DATABASE MODELS
Relational Database Model
Developed in 1969
Stores data in two-dimensional tables
Most widely used database structure today
Examples include; IBM DB2, Oracle Database, and
Microsoft Access

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DATABASE MODELS
Object-oriented Model
Represents an entity (table) as a class.
Eg: A Book class
Attributes: ISBN, Title, Author, Publisher,
Year of Publishing, Distributor, Price etc.
Procedures: UpdatePrice ()
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DATABASE MODELS
Deductive/Inference Model
Aka inferential model, stores as little data as
possible but compensates by maintaining
rules that allow new data combinations to be
created when needed.
Eg: DistBook (MindMart, ISO 9000
Handbook) meaning book ISO 9000
Handbook is being distributed by MindMart
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b. data redundancy.
If a company stores data in separate files in its
different departmental locations and is able to update
all files simultaneously, it would not have problems with
QUIZ
c. industrial espionage.
d. concurrency.
a. attributes.
The importance of databases and the historical progression from flat-file
databases to relational databases
DATABASES
24
b. hierarchical database.
When the data contained in a database are stored in
large, two-dimensional tables, the database is referred
to as a
QUIZ
c. network database.
d. relational database.
a. flat file database.
The importance of databases and the historical progression from flat-file
databases to relational databases
DATABASES
25
b. Hierarchical.
Database management systems are categorized by the
data structures they support. In which type of
database management system is the data arranged in a
series of tables?
QUIZ
c. Relational.
d. Sequential.
a. Network.
The importance of databases and the historical progression from flat-file
databases to relational databases
DATABASES
26