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Halzen Ashton Smith

The OSI and TCP/IP Reference


Models
The OSI and TCP/IP Reference
Models
Protocols are required to enable network users to
communicate.
These protocols are structured into layered
network architectures.
The two most popular existing models in network
communications today are:
the OSI (Open System Interface) model
the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol) model
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
There are seven numbered layers.
The purpose off each of the seven layers in the model
is to carry out part of the communication process in a
well-defined way.
Achieved in a hierarchical fashion; i.e. the higher
layers request the services of the lower layers to carry
out their functions.
Data travels across the network and is passed from
layer to layer until the lowest layer is reached.
Actual physical communication takes place at the
lowest layer and is passed up through the layers to
the highest layer and from there to the user.
OSI Model: Layers
Layer 1: The Physical Layer
Layer 2: The Datalink Layer
Layer 3: The Network Layer
Layer 4: The Transport Layer
Layer 5: The Session Layer
Layer 6: The Presentation Layer
Layer 7: The Application Layer
OSI Layer 1: Physical Layer
The physical layer is mainly concerned with the
transmission of data over a communications link, i.e.
a telephone cable or LAN cable.
The function of the Physical Layer is to provide
''mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural
means to activate a physical connection for bit
transmission'' (ISO/IEC7498: 1984).
Basically, this means that the typical role of the
physical layer is to transform bits in a computer
system into electromagnetic (or equivalent) signals for
a particular transmission medium (wire, fiber, ether,
etc.).
Repeaters operate at this level.
OSI Layer 2 : The Data Link
Layer
This layer attempts to make the physical layer
reliable for the transmission of data.
It provides synchronization and error detection
control, which allows the upper layers to assume
error-free transmission over the link.
Data received from the Network Layer is
formatted into frames and sent to the Physical
Layer for transmission.
Bridges and switches operate at this level and
use the machine's MAC address to filter traffic.
OSI Layer 3 : The Network Layer
The network layer relieves the higher layers of the
routing, switching and signaling functions required to
establish the necessary physical network links.
It accepts data from layer 4 and selects the best route
to transfer it between end systems.
The computer communicates with the network at this
layer to specify the destination address and to request
network facilities such as priority.
The IP protocol is used at this level for packet
forwarding routing.
Routers are used at this level. They use packet
addresses to choose the optimum route across the
network.
OSI Layer 4 : The Transport
Layer
The transport layer ensures reliable, cost
effective, end to end transfer of data.
Like the data link layer, the transport layer has
error control functions.
Whereas the data link layer was concerned with
the traffic across physical links, the transport layer
is concerned with traffic between the layers.
This layer provides a data transfer service, which
shields the upper layers from any concern with
the detailed way in which data is transferred.
OSI Layer 5 : The Session Layer
The Session Layer permits two parties to hold
ongoing communications called a session across a
network.
It provides dialogue control, which is the setting up
and monitoring of connections.
If the lower four layers of the model are unreliable, the
session layer will attempt to correct the faults and
maintain the connection with the higher layers
becoming aware of any problem. Thus the
applications on either end of the session can
exchange data or send packets to another for as long
as the session lasts.
The Session layer handles session setup, data or
message exchanges, and teardown when the session
ends.
It also monitors session identification so only
designated parties can participate and security
services to control access to session information.
OSI Layer 6 : The Presentation
Layer
The presentation layer defines the format and
representation of the data exchanged between users.
Video displays and printers may use different data
formats. Without this layer these different formats
would require individual treatment.
Data Encryption and compression, and code and
format conversions are some of the facilities offered
by this layer.
For outgoing messages, it converts data into a
generic format that can survive the rigors of network
transmission; for incoming messages, it converts data
from its generic networked representation into a
format that will make sense to the receiving
application.
OSI Layer 7 : The Application
Layer
The Application Layer is the top layer of the
reference model.
It provides a set of interfaces to allow equipment
and application programs to exchange
information in the OSI environment.
It is the source of all data to be transferred
including services such as networked file transfer,
message handling, and database query
processing.
Gateways work at this level.
OSI Reference Model
TCP/IP REFERENCE MODEL
The TCP/IP reference model, is based on a suite
of protocols in which each protocol solves a
particular network communications problem.
The TCP/IP model can be used in a
heterogeneous environment that has equipment
from many different vendors.
There are four layers on the TCP/IP reference
model.
Layer 1: The Network Layer
Layer 2: The Internet Layer
Layer 3: The Transport Layer
Layer 4: The Application Layer
TCP/IP Layer 1: Network Layer
The network access layer is responsible for
exchanging data between a host and the network and
for delivering data between two devices on the same
network.
Node physical addresses are used to accomplish
delivery on the local network.
Functions performed at this level include
encapsulation of IP datagrams (i.e. the packet format
defined by Internet Protocol.) into the frames
transmitted by the network, and the mapping of IP
addresses into the physical addresses used by the
network.
The TCP/IP Network Access Layer can encompass
the function of all three lower layers of the OSI
reference model (Network Layer, Data Link Layer, and
Physical Layer.)
TCP/IP Layer 2 : Internet Layer
The internet layer is responsible for sending
source packets from any network on the
internetwork and have them arrive at their
destination regardless of the path they took.
The Internet Protocol (IP) is used in this layer and
it provides the packet delivery service on which
the TCP/IP is based.
The IP protocol implements a system of logical
host addresses called IP addresses.
The IP addresses are used by the internet and
higher layers to identify devices and to perform
internetwork routing.
TCP/IP Layer 3: Transport Layer
The transport layer is responsible for the reliability,
flow control, and error correction of data being sent
across the network.
Its main protocol is called the transmission control
protocol (TCP).
TCP provides reliable data delivery service with end-to-
end error detection and correction.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is another protocol
used which provides slow-overhead, connectionless
datagram delivery service.
UDP is unreliable but enhances network throughput
when error correction is not required at the host-to-host-
layer.
Both protocols deliver data between the Application
Layer and the Internet Layer. The users may choose
either best suited to their means.
TCP/IP Layer 4 : Application
Layer
The application layer is responsible for handling high-
level protocols, issues of representation, encoding
and dialog control.
This layer is broadly equivalent to the application,
presentation and session layers of the OSI model.
It gives an application access to the communication
environment.
Examples of protocols found at this layer are
Telnet
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
TCP/IP Reference Model
TCP/IP Reference Model
TCP/IP Reference Model
TCP/IP Reference Model

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