Fundamentals

of
Digital Signal Processing
(DSP)
DSP is Everywhere!
Audiological equipment
Hearing aids
Otoacoustic systems
Audiometers
Aural rehabilitation programs
ABRs
Telecommunications
Cellular phones
Voice over Internet
Audio
CD, DVD, DAT players
MP3 players
Biomedical monitoring equipment
Digital Television
Analog vs Digital
Analog
infinitely detailed
continuous in time
continuous in amplitude
Digital
discrete numbers
discrete in time
discrete in amplitude
Challenge: a digital representation that
adequately maps the analog values.
Analog Systems
Acoustic
domain
Electric
domain
Acoustic
domain
Programmable Analog Systems
Acoustic
domain
Acoustic
domain
Electric
domain
Digital domain
Digital Systems
Acoustic
domain
Electrical
domain
Electrical
domain
Acoustic
domain
Digital
domain
Why digital?
Flexibility
Programmability
Reproducibility and Precision (??)
Advanced Signal Processing
Multichannel compression
Precise frequency shaping
Feedback cancellation
Noise reduction
Directional processing
DSP Applications
Digital signal
analysis/display
Digital recording,
processing, and
reproduction
Digital signal
synthesis
DSP Buzzwords
A to D Converter
D to A Converter
Sampling
Quantization
Aliasing
Anti-aliasing filter
Algorithm
Oversampling
Sampling Process
Analog Signal
Sampling Interval
(Ts)
Sampled Numbers
Analog-to-Digital Conversion
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-5
0
5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-5
0
5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-5
0
5
Analog
Discrete
Digital
Undersampling or Aliasing
Undersampling results in a form of distortion
termed as aliasing.
http://www.dsptutor.freeuk.com/aliasing/AliasingDemo.html
How to prevent aliasing?
Nyquist Criterion: When a signal is sampled,
the sampling rate must be greater than twice
the highest frequency of the input signal.
What if the highest frequency is unknown?
Use a low pass filter to remove unwanted
frequencies. Set the sampling rate greater than
twice the bandwidth of the low pass filter. The low
pass filter is called an anti-aliasing filter.
Quantization
The sampled values are converted into bit
representation
The process is called Quantization
The performance of a quantizer is
dependent on the number of bits, also
called bit resolution.
Binary Logical Circuits Flip Flops
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
#1
#2
#3
#4
1
0 1 0
Each of these values is called a bit.
The string of values 1010 is a binary
representation.
A string of 8 bits is called a byte.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
An example of binary counting
Voltage Flip Flop #1 Flip Flop #2 Binary Dec
5 < V < 10 on (1) on (1) 11 3
0 < V < 5 on (1) off (0) 10 2
-5 < V < 0 off (0) on (1) 01 1
-10 < V < -5 off (0) off (0) 00 0
Example (contd.)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

D
e
c
i
m
a
l

n
u
m
b
e
r

Analog fine grain signal
Digital quantized signal
Example (contd.)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-10
-5
0
5
10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
Analog fine grain signal
Digital quantized signal
3-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter
Voltage #1 #2 #3 Binary Decimal

7.5 < V <= 10 on(1) on (1) on(1) 111 7
5 < V <= 7.5 on(1) on (1) off(0) 110 6
2.5 < V <= 5 on(1) off (0) on(1) 101 5
0 < V <= 2.5 on(1) off (0) off(0) 100 4
-2.5 < V <= 0 off(0) on(1) on(1) 011 3
-5 < V <= -2.5 off(0) on(1) off(0) 010 2
-7.5 < V <= -5 off(0) off(0) on(1) 001 1
-10 < V <= -7.5 off(0) off(0) off(0) 000 0
3-bit Quantization
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-2
0
2
4
6
8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-10
-5
0
5
10
Characteristics of an A/D Converter
Input range
The voltage range that the A/D converter can
handle. Can be unipolar (either +ve or ve
voltages), or bipolar (both +ve and ve)
Resolution
Represented by the number of bits. The
number of possible states is given by 2
N
,
where N is the number of bits.
Sampling Rate
Rate at which samples are measured.
Digital Signal Processing
A series of trigonometric and arithmetic
operations.
Series of steps called algorithm
Algorithm classes
Spectral analysis
Digital filtering
Coding and compressing data
Noise reduction
Etc.
Conclusions
Digital Signal Processing (DSP) is often used in
modern audiological equipment.
Fundamental concepts in DSP
Sampling discretization of the time axis
Quantization discretization of the amplitude axis
Digital Processing a series of instructions to
manipulate the digital numbers.