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• GSM Frequencies
• The frequency allocations for GSM 900, Extended GSM
and Digital Communications Systems are identified in the
GSM frequencies section of this chapter.
DIGITAL NETWORKS
CC NDC SN
98 XXX 12345
CC = Country Code
NDC = National Destination Code
SN = Subscriber Number
MSISDN
• The Mobile Subscriber ISDN
(MSISDN) number is the telephone
number of the MS. This is the
number a calling party dials to reach
the subscriber. It is used by the land
network to route calls towards the
MSC.
IMSI
• IMSI (International Mobile
Subscriber Identity) Network
IdentityMCC
Unique To A Sim.
MNC MSIN
404 XX 12345..10
1 2 3 4 ……………. 124
A 200 KHz carrier spacing has been chosen. Excluding 2x100 KHz edges of
the band, this gives 124 possible carriers for the uplink and downlink. The
use of carrier 1 and 124 are optional for operators.
GSM Network Architecture
BSC
AUC
HLR
BTS
TRAU
VLR
BTS
MSC
SMSC
BTS BSC EIR
BTS
BTS
PSTN
MS – Mobile Station
MS
SIM ME
• Mobile station provides user access to
GSM network for voice and data
• All GSM mobiles comply to GSM standards
• Subscriber data is read from a SIM card
that plugs into ME
MS (cont..)
• Each MS has a unique number called
as IMEI number, which is stored in
EIR for authentication purposes
• Mobile camps on to the GSM network
through the BTS serving the cell
• Mobile also scans neighboring cells
and reports signal strengths
• Mobile transmits and receives voice
at 13 kb/s over the air interface
Mobile Station Output Power
• CLASS 1 20 watts Vehicle and Portable
• CLASS 2 8 watts Portable and Vehicle
• CLASS 3 5 watts Hand-Held
• CLASS 4 2 watts Hand-Held (GSM)
• CLASS 5 0.8 watts Hand-Held (DCS 1800)
• Output power determines:
– Accessibility in areas of coverage
– Talk Time and Standby time
Mobile Station Identities
MSISDN : Mobile Station ISDN Number
It is the human identity used to call a Mobile
Station
CC NDC SN MSISDN
98 250 00134
• CC – Country Code
• NDC – National Destination Code
• SN – Serial Number
IMSI (International Mobile
Subscriber Identity)
3 2 or 3
BSC PSTN
BTS
Transco
MSC BSC
der
MSC – Mobile Switching Centre
HLR
BSC
BSC
VLR
BSC
BTSs PSTN
MSC (cont..)
• Exchange where calls are established,
maintained and released
• Database for all subscribers and their
associated features.
• Communicates with the BSCs on the A
interface and with PSTN on fixed line.
• MSC is weighted on the number of
subscribers it can support. E.g. an MSC of 1
lac subscribers means one MSC is enough till
subscriber base increases upto 1 lac, beyond
which another MSC is required.
Multiple MSCs
• When there is more capacity, there are
more than one MSCs.
• All MSCs have to communicate with one
another and to the outside world.
• Very complicated to connect each MSC to
each other and each MSC to PSTN
• So there is a concept of GMSC (Gateway
MSC)
MSC
BSC
GMSC PSTN
BSC
MSC
HLR – Home Location
Register
• MSC has all subscriber database
stored in HLR
• HLR has all permanent subscriber
database
• HLR has a database which describes
the subscriber’s profile i.e. basic
features and supplementary services
• MSC communicates with the HLR to
get data for subscribers on call
VLR – Visiting Location
Register
• A subscription when activated is
registered in VLR
• VLR has all the subscriber numbers
which are active.
• VLR has a temporary database of all
active subscribers (on/off, location
information)
HLR
MSC VLR
VLR (cont..)
HLR
EIR
MSC
Classification of IMEIs
White list: This contains the IMEI of
type approved mobiles
CDRs
OMC – Operations and
Maintenance Centre
BTSs BSC
BTSs BSC
OMC Terminals
GSM Channels
GSM Channels
• Physical Channel
– One time slot on one carrier is called
physical channel.
• Logical Channel
– Information carried by physical channels is
called logical Channels.
– Logical channels are mapped on physical
channels.
Logical Channels
• Traffic channels: Used for speech and data
– Full Rate(TCH/F)
– Half Rate(TCH/H)
• Control channels: Used for signaling .i.e.
setting up a radio connection, call or controlling an
MS during conversation
– BCH(Broadcast channels)
– CCCH(common control channels)
– DCCH(dedicated control channels)
Traffic Channels(TCH)
Traffic Channels(TCH)
TCH/F TCH/H
(full Rate) (half Rate)
Control Channels(CCH)
CCH(Control Channel)
PCH/
FACCH SACCH
SCH FCCH AGCH
BCH(Broadcast Channels)
• BCCH(Broadcast Control Channels)
– Downlink Only.
– Broadcast information of the serving cell
(System Information).
– Transmitted on timeslot zero of BCCH
carrier.
– Reads only by idle mobile at least once
every 30 secs.
BCH(Broadcast Channels)
cont’d
• SCH(Synchronisation Channels)
– Downlink Only
– Carries information for frame
synchronisation.
– Contains frame number and BSIC(Base
Station Identity Code).
BCH(Broadcast Channels)
cont’d
• FCCH(Frequency Correction
Channels)
– Downlink Only.
– Enable MS to synchronies to the
frequency.
CCCH(Common Control
Channel)
• RACH(Random Access Channel)
– Uplink only.
– Used by the MS when making its first
access to the Network.
– The reason for access could be initiation
of a call or a page response.
CCCH(Common Control
Channel) cont’d
• AGCH(Assess Grant Channel)
– Downlink only.
– Used for acknowledgement of the access
attempt sent on RACH.
– Used by the network to assign a
signaling cannel upon successful
decoding of access bursts.
CCCH(Common Control
Channel) cont’d
• PCH(Paging Channel)
– Downlink only.
– The network will page the MS ,if there is
a incoming call or a short Message.
– It contains the MS identity number, the
IMSI or TMSI.
DCCH(Dedicated Control
Channel)
• SDCCH (Stand-alone Dedicated
Control Channel)
– Uplink and Downlink.
– Used for call setup, authentication,
ciphering location update and SMS.
DCCH(Dedicated Control
Channel) cont’d
• SACCH(Slow Associated Control Channel)
– Downlink and Uplink.
– Used to transfer signal while MS have ongoing
conversation on traffic or while SDCCH is being used.
– On the forward link, the SACCH is used to send slow but
regularly changing control information to each mobile
on that ARFCN, such as power control instructions and
specific timing advance instructions
• SACCH(Slow Associated Control
Channel) cont’d
– The reverse SACCH carries information
about the received signal strength and
quality of the TCH, as well as BCH
measurement results from neighboring
cells.
DCCH(Dedicated Control
Channel) cont’d
• FACCH(Fast Associated Control
Channel)
– Downlink and uplink.
– Associate with TCH only.
– It is used to send fast message like
hand over message.
– Work by stealing traffic bursts.
Mapping on Physical
Channels
• The Logical channels are mapped on
the physical channels.
• The TDMA frames are grouped
together into multi-frame.
– 26 TDMA multi-frame for Traffic.
– 51 TDMA multi-frame for control signal.
Channel Combination
• Combined
– All the controlling signals are in the time
slot 0 of the Multi-frame.
• Non Combined
– Dedicated controlling signals are in time
slot 1 of the Multi-frame.
Combined
• Cell with single carrier.
– Timeslot 0 :BCCH+CCCH+SDCCH.
– Timeslot 1-7 :TCH/FACCH+SACCH.
Non Combined
• Cell with Two carrier
– Timeslot 0 (of carrier 1) BCCH+CCCH.
– Timeslot 1 (of carrier1) SDCCH+SACCH.
– Timeslot 2-7 & 0-7(of both carriers)
TCH/FACCH+SACCH.
•SYSTEM INFORMATION
SYSTEM INFORMATION 1
• When frequency hopping is used in cell MS needs
to know which frequency band to use and what
frequency within the band it should use in
hopping algorithm.
• Cell channel description
Cell Allocation Number(CANO)-Informs
the band number of the frequency channels used.
00-Band 0(current GSM band)
Cell Allocation ARFCN(CA ARFCN):-
ARFCN’s used for hopping.It is coded in a bitmap
of 124 bits.
SYTEM INFORMATION 1
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
MCC DIG 2 MCC DIG 1
1 1 1 1 MCC DIG 1
MNC DIG 2 MNC DIG 1
LAC
LAC
CELL IDENTITY
CI
CI
SYSTEM INFORMATION 3
• Control Channel Description
Attach / Detach(ATT):-
0 = Allowed
1 = Not Allowed
bs_agblk:-Number of block reserved for
AGCH [0-7] Ba_pmfrms:-Number of 51
frame multi-frames between transmission of
paging messages to MS of the same group
c c h _ c o nPf h y s i c a l c h a n n e l s c o m b i n e dN o . o f CCH
0 1 t im e s lo t (0 ) No 9
1 1 t im e s lo t (0 ) Yes 3
2 2 t im e s lo t (0 ,2 ) No 18
4 3 t im e s lo t (0 ,2 ,4 ) No 27
6 4 t im e s lo t (0 ,2 ,4 ,6 ) No 36
SYSTEM INFORMATION 3
• Cell options
DTX:-Whether Discontinuous
Transmission used or not.
PWRC:-Power control on the downlink.
0 = Not used.
1 = Used.
Radio link
timeout(RLINKT):-Radio link time-out
is the time before an MS disconnects
due to failure in decoding SACCH
message. Sets the timer T100 in the MS.
SYSTEM INFORMATION 3
• Cell Selection Parameters Rxlev_access_min:-
Minimum received signal level at the MS for which it is
permitted to access the system. 0-63 = -100 dBm to
–47 dBm. Mx_txpwr_cch:- Maximum power the MS
will use when accessing the system.
Cell_reselect_hysteresis:- Used for cell reselection.
• RACH Control Parameters.
SYSTEM INFORMATION 4
• Location Area Identification.
• Cell Selection Parameters
Rxlev_access_min:- Minimum received signal
level at the MS for which it is permitted to
access the system. 0-63 = -100 dBm to –
47 dBm. Mx_txpwr_cch:- Maximum power the
MS will use when accessing the system.
Cell_reselect_hysteresis:- Used for cell
reselection.
SYSTEM INFORMATION 4
• RACH Control Parameters
max_retransmissions(MAXRET)
tx_integer(TX)
Cell barred for access(CB).
Re-establishment allowed(RE)
Emergency Call Allowed
Access Control Class (ACC)
SYSTEM INFORMATION 4
• CBCH Description(Optional) :
CHN:- This is the channel number for CBCH.
It is controlled internally in BSC.
TSC:- Training Sequence Code. Base
Station Color Code(BCC) part of BSIC is used.
CBCHNO:- Absolute RF channel number of
CBCH.
MAC:- Mobile Allocation in the cell, describes
the frequencies to be used in the hopping
sequence if frequency hopping is used.
SYSTEM INFORMATION 4
Hopping Channel(H):-Informs if CBCH
Channel is hopping or single.
ARFCN:- If H=0;
MAIO:- If H=1, informs the MS where to
start hopping.
Values [0-63].
HSN:- If H=1,
informs the MS in what order the
hopping should take place. Values[0 –63].
HSN=0 Cyclic Hopping.
MA:-Indicates which RF Channels are used
for hopping. ARFCN numbers
coded in bitmap.
SYSTEM INFORMATION 5
• Sent on the SACCH on the downlink to the MS in
dedicated mode.
• On SAACH, the MS also receives information
about the BCCH carrier in each neighboring cell.
This may differ from those sent in System
information type 2.
• It is also possible to have system Information
Type 5 Bis and System Information Type 5Ter,
depending on the size of the BA list.
SYSTEM INFORMATION 5
• Neighbor Cell Description:-
GMSC C Interface
B Interface
MSC F Interface
A Interface
BSC
A bis Interface
Air Interface
MS
GSM Interfaces
• The interfaces between MSC and MS is
called A, Abis and Um interfaces.
• On these interfaces only three layers are
defined.They are not corresponding to the
OSI (Open System Interconnection)
model.
A Interface
• A interface between the BSC and the MSC
• The A interface provides two distinct
types of information, signalling and traffic,
between the MSC and the BSC.
• The speech is transcoded in the TRC and
the SS7 (Signalling system) signalling is
transparently connected through the TRC
or on a separate link to the BSC.
Abis Interface
• The A-bis interface responsible for transmitting
traffic and signalling information between the BSC
and the BTS.
• The transmission protocol used for sending signalling
information on the A-bis interface is Link Access
Protocol on the D Channel (LAPD)
(Um) Air Interface
• This is the interface between the mobile station
and the Base station.
• The Air interface uses the Time Division Multiple
Access (TDMA) technique to transmit and
receive traffic and signalling information
between the BTS and MS.
• The TDMA technique is used to divide each
carrier into eight time slots.These time slots are
then assigned to specific users,allowing up to
eight conversations to be handled
Simultaneously by the same carrier.
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Down Link
Up Link 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time Slot
Raw
Voice Voice Channel
interleaving
signal Encoding coding
RF Modulation
Speech Encoding ckt
• The voice is sampled at the rate of 50
samples per second.
• This results in 20 msec blocks of speech
• Each of this 20 msec block is passed on
to the 13Kbps vocoder.
• There are 260 information bits from the
output of the vocoder for every 20 msec
input i.e.; 13Kbps *20msec = 260 bits.
Voice Encoding ckt
Vocoder I/p
13Kbps Vocoder Vocoder O/p
20 msec speech
260 bits
blocks
Channel coding
• Channel Coding is done to protect
the logical channels from
transmission errors introduced by the
radio path.
• The coding schemes depend on the
type of the logical channels, hence
the coding can differ from speech,
control and data .
Channel Coding for speech
260 bits
Class class 1b class 2
1a
50 3 132 4 tail
Bits parity bits
Convolutional coder
½ coder, k=5
184 bits
Control data
184 40 4 tail
Fire coded parity bits
½ Convolutional Coder
456 bits output
Control Channel Coding
• The control information is received in blocks of
184 bits.
• These bits are first protected with a cyclic code
called as Fire code, which is useful in correction
and detection of burst errors.
• 40 Parity bits are added, along with 4 tail bits.
• These 228 bits are given to the CC whose output
is again 456 bits at a bitrate of 22.8Kbps.
• The control channels include the RACH, PCH,
AGCH etc.
Data Channel Coding
½ Convolutional Coder
Output= 488 bits
After Puncturing
Output=456 bits
Data Channel Coding
• The data bits are received in blocks of 240
bits. These are directly convolution coded
after adding 4 tail bits.
• The output of the CC is now 488 bits,
which actually increases the bitrate to
24.4 Kbps.
• To keep the bitrate constant on the air
interface we need to puncture the output
of the CC. Hence, we have a final bitrate
of 22.8 Kbps again .
Channel Coding cont’d
• The above explanation was given
keeping in view a full rate Traffic,
Control, or Data channel.
• For Half rate or Lesser rates the
same principle of channel coding
holds good, with slight differences in
the encoding process.
Interleaving
• Having encoded the logical channel
information, the next step is to build
its bit stream into bursts that can be
transmitted within the TDMA frame
structure. This is the stage where the
interleaving process is carried out.
• Interleaving spreads the content of
one information block across several
TDMA timeslots or bursts.
Interleaving cont’d
• The following interleaving depths are used :
• Speech – 8 blocks
• Control – 4 blocks
• Data – 22 blocks
• The interleaving process for a speech block is
shown wherein which a 456 bit speech block
is divided into 8 blocks of 57 bits each and
each of these odd and even 57 bit blocks are
interleaved diagonally on to alternate bursts
on the TDMA frame.
Speech Interleaving
456 bit speech data
Speech block 8* 57 bits each = 456 bits
N-1 Of Speech block N
57 57 57 57
T+F odd T+F odd Even T+F Even
Of N-1 Of N Of N-1 Of N
TDMA
Burst blocks
First 6 First 6
bits bits
Last 6 Last 6
bits bits
After Deinterleaving
The corrupted bursts are spread over a length equal to the
interleaving depth so that the effect of the errors is
minimized.
Air Interface Bitrate
• The information which is now coded and
interleaved at 22.8 Kbps now has to be
transmitted over the Air interface to the
BTS.
• The information burst is not sent directly ,
but is sent in ciphered form within a burst
envelope. This ciphering is done using
ciphering keys and algorithms known both
by the mobile and the BSS.
Air Interface Bitrate cont’d
• The Kc is the ciphering key and A5
algorithm are applied to the
information(speech or data) which increases
the bitrate to a final rate of 33.8 Kbps
from/to each mobile.
• If we assume all 8 timeslots of the cell to be
occupied then the bitrate of the Air interface
comes to 33.8 * 8= 270.4 Kbps/channel.
Air Interface Bitrate cont’d
Kc Information
Block 22.8 Kbps
A5 Algorithm
Mobile
Tx’s at
Cell coverage area 33.8 Kbps
Decoding and
Deinterleaving at the
Receiver
• At the receiver the reverse process of
Deinterleaving and decoding have to take
place respectively, so as to recover the
information from the signal.
• After Deinterleaving the signal will be
decoded which is the reverse process of
the Convolutional coding, using Viterbi
decoders.
• The decoder can recover lost or corrupted
data up to 4 successive bits, because the
memory depth of the CC is 4(for k=5).
Channelization
Frequency
• E.g. AMPS band is divided into 30
KHz channels (1666 Freq. channels)
• Television Channels (Star, Zee,
Sony,..)
Power TDMA
Time
Frequency
Tx Rx
F1 F2 Frequency
• Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
• Transmit on one frequency and
receive on another frequency
Amplitude
Time Division Duplex
Time
Rx
Tx
F1 Frequency
• Time division duplex
• Tx and Rx is on the same frequency
but on different times
GSM Air Interface
• Separate Bands for Uplink and Downlink
– Downlink: 935-960Mhz (EGSM: 925-960MHz)
– Uplink: 890-915 MHz (EGSM: 880-915 MHz)
3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8.25
Data Midamble Data Guard
Period
Speech Coder
20 ms blocks • RPE/LTP coder
(Regular Pulse
Speech Coder excitation/Long term
Prediction)
• Converts 64 kbps
Bits Ordered speech to 13 kbps
• At the end we get
13kbps speech i.e.
260 bits in 20 ms
50 very 132 78 other
important important bits
bits bits
Error Correction
Type 1a 50 3(CRC) Type 1b 132 Type II 78
Reordering
Type 1b Type 1b Tail
25 66 3 66 25 4 Type II 78
Type 1a Type 1a
Half rate convolutional code
378 Type II 78
57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57
57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57
• Bits Rx ed: EE HH LL LL OO
• De-Interleaved: HHEELLLLOO
• Viterbi Decoded: HELLO
Speech Coding Process
456 bits
20 ms
Transceiver (BTS)
Speech Coder
13 kbps
260 bits
260 bits 13 kbps
Transcoder Handler
50 1a 132 1b 78 II 16 kbps
260 + 60 = 320 bits
Channel Coder TRAU frame
3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8.25
Data Midamble Data Guard
Period
• 8 midamble patterns (Colour codes) of 26 bits
(BSIC)
• RACH and SCH have longer 41 and 64 bit
Midambles
• Equalizer estimates channel impulse response
from midamble
• Mathematically construct inverse filter
• Uses inverse to decode bits
Downlink and Uplink
Power Command
4.615 ms
Frame 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time
3 Data 1 Midamble 1 Data 3 8.25 bits
Slot
156.25 bits 576.92 micro sec
GSM Operations
• Location Update • DTX
• Mobile Originated • Cell Broadcast
Call • Short Message
• Mobile Terminated Service
Call • Emergency calls
• Handover • Supplementary
• Security Services
Procedures • Roaming
• Cell Barring
Mobile Turn On
• Mobile Searches for Broadcast Channels
(BCH)
• Synchronizes Frequency and Timing
• Decodes BCH sub-channels (BCCH)
• Checks if Network Allowed by SIM
• Location Update
• Authentication
Location Area
BTS
Location
LocationArea
Area11 BTS BSC
BTS
BTS
BTS BSC
MSC
Location BTS
Location
Area
Area22 BTS BSC
BTS
Location Area Identity
MCC MNC LAC
Hi,
I am in Location area
xxx
IMSI Attach
• Mobile turns off and sends an IMSI
Detach to MSC
• Mobile turns on again and compares
LAI
• If same, sends an IMSI attach to
MSC
If same,
Sends
Is the received IMSI
LAI same as
attach
before
Normal Location Update
• Mobile Turns on Power
• Reads the new LAI
• If different, does a Location Update
If differe
n t,
does
Is the received Location
LAI same as Update
before
Periodic Location Update
Call Setup
TMSI Reallocation
GSM
Infrastructure
Mobile
Identity Check
Sends IMEI
EIR
White listed /Grey Listed/ Black
Listed mobiles
Handover
Cell 1 Cell 2
BTS BTS
BTS BTS
BTS BTS
• INTRA-CELL HANDOVERS
• INTER-CELL HANDOVERS
• INTRA-BSC HANDOVERS
• INTER-BSC HANDOVERS
• INTER-MSC HANDOVERS
INTRA-CELL HANDOVER
C1
C0
BTS
Cell 1 Cell 2
BTS
MSC BSC
BTS
MSC
BSC BTS
GMSC/
PSTN/
Backbone
BTS
• B = MS_txpwr_max_cch - maximum
output power of the MS
Cell Reselect Hysteresis
• Cell reselection on the border of two location areas
result in a location update. When an MS moves on
the border of two location areas lots of location
updates take place. To avoid these location updates,
the reselect hysteresis is introduced.
• A location update is performed only if:
– The C1 value of the new location area is higher
than the C1 value in the current location area and
– The received signal strengths have at least a
difference of the reselect hysteresis.
Cellular concept
Why to use the cellular
concept ?
Solves the problem of Spectral
congestion and user capacity by means
of frequency reuse.
Offers high capacity in a limited
spectrum allocation.
Offers system level approach, using low
power transmitters instead of a single,
high power transmitter (large cell) to
cover larger area.
A portion of the total channels
available is allocated to each base
station.
Neighboring base stations are
assigned different groups
channels, in order to minimize
interference.
Cell shape
1-Omni-directional cell-site (Omni-
directional antenna).
2-Rhombus-shaped sectors
(Directive antenna).
3-Hexagonal shaped sectors
(Directive antenna).
Cell size
Large cell : (up to 70km in diameter)
It exists where :
1-Radio waves are unobstructed.
2-Transmission power can cover the area.
3-low subscriber density.
R : cell radius.
D : reuse distance.
Q = D/R. =
sqrt(3N).
Where :
N : cluster size
Handover
Definition : procedure that allows
MS to change the cell or time-slot
to keep as good link as possible
during all the call.
Types of handover
IntraCell : bet. 2 channels of same cell.
Level PBGT
Quality
Distance Traffic causes
Interference
Basic handover
algorithms
a)“Min. acceptable performance”
algorithm:
MS power is increased when quality
deceases till handover is the only
way.
b) “Power budget “ algorithm:
Prefer direct handover when quality
deceases without increasing MS
power first .
Handover priority
1) UL quality cause (or
interference).
2) DL quality cause (or
interference).
3) UL level cause.
4) DL level cause.
5) Distance cause.
6) Better cell cause.
Inter ference
Sources of interference
include:
1) Co-channel interference.
2) Adjacent channel
interference.
1) Co-channel interference
Source : Near cell using same frequency.
•
It is a function of reuse distance(D/R).
General rule :
•
Can be minimized by :
Choosing minimum reuse distance
= (2.5….3)(2R).
2) Adjacent channel
interference
• Source : A cell using a frequency adjacent
to the one in another cell due to imperfect
reciever’s filter.
• General rule : ACI= -10 Log[(d1/d2)*m]
– Adj ch isolation.
Where :
d1: distance between MS & proper BTs
d2: dist. Bet MS & adj BTS causing
interference.
Adj ch isolation = Filter isolation =
- 26db.
Can be minimized by :
1-careful filtering
2-careful channel assignments
3-Directional antenna.
Traffic engineering
theor y
Why do we need to
know traffic?
The amount of traffic during peak hours
allows us to dimension our wireless
system for a certain GOS.
N GOS 1% GOS 2%
2 0.153 0.223
4 0.869 1.093
10 4.46 5.084
20 12.0 13.182
40 29.0 30.997
Trunking
Sharing channel among several users.
Where:
N : cluster size.
k : No. of channels / cell.
C = M*k*N.
Where :
M : No. of times the cluster is repeated.
Improving system
capacity
Cell splitting.
Sectoring.
Cell splitting
Sectoring
We use directional antennas instead
of being omnidirectional
What does sectoring
mean?
We can now assign frequency sets
to sectors and decrease the re-use
distance to fulfill :
1) More freq reuse.
2) Higher system capacity.
3) Improve S/I ratio ( better signal quality ).
How S/I ratio is improved?
-e.g. In 120 degree sectoring there’s only
2 interferers instead of 6 incase of
omnidirectional N=7 cluster.
Directional frequency reuse
Here we use
7/21 pattern for
frequency
allocation.
Comparison
between various
t ypes of clusters
N = 7 omni frequency
plan :
n = 6 , m = 4.
D / R = 4.583.
1) Co-channel
interference ratio :
C / I = 18.6 dB.
2) Adjacent channel
interference :
ACI = -26 dB @ d1=
d2.
N = 7 trapezoidal
frequency plan
n = 2 , m = 4.
D / R = 6.245.
1) Co-channel
interference ratio :
C / I = 28.8.
2) Adjacent channel
interference : disappears
because the channels are
assigned alternatively to
the cells.
Trunking efficiency :
• 312 one direction voice channels
N=7
312 / 7 = 44.57 ~ 44 ch./cell.
D / R = sqrt ( 3 * 9 ) =
5.2.
1) Co-channel
interference :
C / I = 22.6 dB.
2) Adjacent channel
interference :
ACI = -38 dB @ d2 =
2 (d1).
Trunking efficiency :
• 312 one direction voice channels
N=9
312 / 9 = 34.67 ~ 34 ch./cell.
• From Erlang-B table @ GOS = 2%
T = 25.529 E.
nT = 25.529 / 34 = 75.085 %.
Conclusion : nT 7 > nT 9
But C/I 7 > C/I 9
ACI 7 > ACI 9
4 / 12 cell pattern
n = 1 , m = 4.
D / R = sqrt (3* 4) =
3.732.
C / I = 22.87 dB.
Trunking efficiency :
• No. of channels/cell
= 312 / 12 = 26 ch./cell.
• From Erlang-B table @
GOS = 2 %.
T = 18.4 E/cell.
nT = 18.4 / 26= 70.77%.
3 / 9 cell pattern
n = 1 , m = 4.
D / R = sqrt (3* 3) = 3.
C / I = 19.1 dB.
Trunking efficiency :
• No. of channels/cell
=312 / 9 = 34 ch./cell.
• From Erlang-B table @
GOS = 2 %.
T = 25.5 E/cell.
nT = 25.5 / 24 = 75 %.
120 degree cell sectoring
n = 2 , m = 4.
D / R = sqrt(3 * 7) = 4.583.
Co-channel interference :
C / I = 23.436 + 6dB(due to
isolation) = 29.436 dB.
Trunking efficiency :
• No. of channels/cell = 312 /
21 = 14.857.
• From Erlang-B @ GOS=2%
T= 8.2003.
nT = 8.2003 / 14.857
=56.216%.
References :
• Motorola CP02
• NOKIA SYSTRA
If any Query
Contact
9903867731
shrawan.rai@adacellworks.com