Presented

by

Professor Tara Dasgupta

at

ICSU-ROLAC Energy Workshop
Ocho Rios, Jamaica



.
World energy demand projected to grow >50% by 2030, of
which ~75% will be from developing countries.
The main drivers:
The rapid development of China, India etc.
30% of the worlds population does not have reliable
energy services, and more energy will be needed as
world population is projected to be >9 billion by 2070.
It will be very difficult to simultaneously meet the need for
energy and resolve the problem of climate change
without significant investments in low-carbon energy
sources and energy efficiency.

1. Standards of energy efficiency in LAC
countries are extremely low.
2. Most of the LAC countries are heavily
dependent on imported oil, a finite
resource that is likely to be increasingly
expensive in future; consumption also
has significant environmental costs.
3. Most of less developed countries in LAC
region have serious balance of payments
problem; much of which stems from (2).

Design Buildings to
save Energy and to
prevent Climate
Change.
The combined residential and commercial
building sector is the largest energy
consumer (40% of total Energy produced).
Large Environmental Footprint:
39% CO
2
emission; 52% SO
2
emission

19% NO
x
emission.
Consume almost 45% of total water use.

Follow the Advanced Energy Savings
Guide (AEDG, prepared by US
Department of Energy) and Best
Practices to save 50% energy
consumption .
This will lead to the concept of Net
Zero Energy Building.
Buildings have a
significant impact
on energy use and
environment.
Commercial and
residential buildings
use approximately
70% of the
electricity produced.

Energy used by the
building sector will
continue to rise, since
the construction of new
buildings is increasing.
Hence, buildings are to
be designed to
produce maximum
energy efficiency to
offset the energy
demand.
Conceptually a net
ZEB is the answer
ZEB can be defined in various ways
depending on the project goals.

Four commonly used definitions are:
Net Zero Site Energy
Net Zero Source Energy
Net Zero Energy Costs
Net Zero Energy Emissions

The results can vary substantially depending on
the ZEB definition adopted.
ZEB should meet all their energy requirements
from low cost, non-polluting and renewable
sources, but when this is not possible:
Grid-connection is necessary for energy balance.
When on-site generation does not meet the
loads then grid will meet the necessary demand
of ZEB.
When the on-site generation is greater than the
buildings load, excess electricity is exported to
the grid.
When the grid does not need excess energy,
then energy storage is necessary.
Primary option :
Use of low-energy building technology
day lighting, HVAC equipment, natural
ventilation, evaporative cooling etc. to
make 30%-40% more EE.

On-site supply option:
use of renewable energy sources
available at the site.
Ex.- PV, solar hot water etc.
Off-site supply option:
Use of renewable energy sources
available off site to generate energy on-
site.

Biomass, wood pellets, ethanol or
biodiesel ect. Imported from off-site.
Purchase utility based wind, PV or other
green purchasing options.
Our definition incorporates all four definitions
discussed earlier, but all the limitations are
carefully eliminated.
It is almost the same as a Net Zero Site Energy
building.
Our ZEB will generate enough renewable energy
on site or hopefully exceed its annual energy use.
The building will not use any off-site energy
sources.
Excess on-site energy will be available for smart
grid or will be stored for other use.
Requirements:
Designing
Energy efficiency should be at least 40
-50% more than existing building design
(Follow AEDG)
Sophisticated 3D computer simulation
tools will be used to model how a
building will perform with a range of
design variables such as: building
orientation (relative to the daily and
seasonal position of the sun),
.
Requirements:

window and door type and placement,
overhang depth, insulation type and
values of the building elements, air
tightness (weatherization).
The efficiency of these simulations will
help to assess the performance of the
building before it is built, and allow the
designer to do the life cycle assessment.

Requirements:
Net Zero Water Building Integrated water
management:
The goal is to achieve water independence
and manage all storm water runoff.

PV System installation of most modern and
technologically advanced roof top or window
mounted PV system.



Requirements:
Lighting and appliances Use of
LED/OLED lighting and absorbent wall
coatings to control humidity, efficient
appliances such as insulated refrigerators
and solar-powered air conditioning units
to reduce consumption by over 90%.
Biodigestor Treatment of waste to
produce methane for cooking or
conversion to electricity.
The new net zero energy building is
designed to operate with no CO
2

emissions, so it will reduce CO
2
emissions
by 35 tonnes of CO
2
per annum in
comparison to the baseline building, a net
saving of 350 tonnes of CO
2
over the first
10 years of operation.



National emission reductions

If the new buildings are all built to the new
zero net energy/zero emissions standards
from 2015, then it would reduce power
demand by 3.28 x 10
7
kWh of electricity
per annum compared to the current norm.
This would result in a reduction of 22,630
tons of CO
2
emissions per annum by 2025.

National emission reductions

The retrofitting of existing 418,821 houses
to give 40% efficiency gains would reduce
CO
2
emissions by an aggregate total of
about 207,735 tonnes per annum by 2025,
assuming that the current level of
dependence on oil remains constant over
the period.
.
The total reduction in CO
2
emissions as a result of this
project (i.e. the combined total
contribution from new-build and
retrofit) is therefore estimated to
be 227,892 tonnes per annum by
2025
There are four key contributions:
Operations: The UWI Net ZEB will transform
the sense of what is possible in Jamaica and
the Caribbean as a whole. It will also generate
significant cash savings, and help to make the
maintenance of the building sustainable.
Teaching: The building will be used for
meetings and short courses related to building
materials and renewable energy
Research: The design and construction of the ZEB
is itself an advanced, high-impact research project.
The building will also host the Regional Research
Centre on renewable energy.

Outreach: The UWI ZEB will be a state-of-the-art
facility. It will be a tangible demonstration of the
universitys commitment to helping to resolve the
worlds energy and environmental problems. The
lessons will be actively disseminated across the
Caribbean and Latin American Countries.

ZEB IN MALAYSIA
Massachusetts Zero Energy Challenge Winning Home
It generates significantly more energy than it uses. It uses a combination of a
very good thermal envelope, solar passive and active heating, solar water
heating, and a PV powered heat pump to achieve this performance.


ECOHOUSE, in Rio, BRAZIL - demonstrates that being green isnt
the exclusive domain of high-cost, luxury residences and backwoods
off-grid dwellings. Some of the features - Rainwater catchment,
Sewage recycling, Passive cooling, Natural ventilation, Renewable
energy.


The University of Copenhagen Faculty of
Science building:
Natural ventilation and shading reduce cooling load
High windows and skylights provide natural lighting
PV cells produce electricity
Small faade reduces heating load

The University of Copenhagen Faculty of Science interior
58 residential units, built 2008, in
Freiburg, Germany. High density, but
terraces & gardens create space.
Solar panels provide electricity and
heat. South-facing roofs; angle and
spacing designed to maximize solar
gain. Panels use metal tubes in
evacuated glass cylinders, hot water
stored and distributed. Wood-chip
burner as backup in winter.
Connected to grid, but no onsite
electricity storage. Average house in
Germany requires 3,000 kWh pa.
These houses net export twice that. So
each house is energy plus, and
generates revenue for occupant


One, two or more double storey energy efficient
building(s) incorporating a central courtyard.
Usage of Renewable Energy: PVs, bio-fuels, etc.
Design for climatic considerations: hurricanes,
earthquakes, floods, droughts etc.
Usage of rainwater harvesting & other water
collection and conservation elements.
Design for self sufficient use as a post disaster
shelter for a period of up to 30 days.
Incorporation of the monument and park as a
central focus of the layout

Solar tree
Proposed Design Elements
PV cells, Copper, indium, gallium selenide
(CIGS) in the form of polycrystalline thin films
reached an efficiency of 19.5%. CIGS solar
cells are not as efficient as crystalline silicon
solar cells, but much cheaper .
Cadmium telluride cells reached an efficiency
of 15% and also cheaper than Si cells; but the
production of tellurium is low worldwide and
also Cd is extremely toxic in nature.
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) are
currently the most efficient third-generation
solar technology available. Cells reached an
efficiency close to 13%.
Plastic Solar Cell Developed by Advanced
Photovoltaic Research Accelerator (Cambridge
University, U.K.).
The Venture is called Eight19 and is backed by
4.5 m investment from the Carbon Trust and
the chemical company Rhodia.
Cell is 7% efficient only, but low cost and
modular nature (building-integrated) made this
venture attractive. It will save 900 tons of carbon
dioxide by 2050.

Tandem Solar Cell
Todays most efficient technology for the
generation of electricity.
It uses multiple junction solar cells made
of III V compound semiconductors.
Efficiencies up to 39% have already been
reported under concentrated sunlight.
These solar cells have initially been developed
for powering satellites in space and are now
starting to explore the terrestrial market.

Ref: Dimroth F.; Phys.Stat. Sol.(c) 373-379 (2006)
Photovoltaic paint can be applied as liquid paste on
existing structures, or roof panels supplied with four
coats:
1. Undercoat
2. Layer of dye-sensitized solar cells
3. Layer of electrolyte or titanium dioxide white paint
pigment
4. Protective film

OLEDs use about 50% power of best fluorescents,
10% power of incandescent, so 100W equivalent uses
10W. OLEDs can be applied as paint or wallpaper, so
wall surfaces and ceilings become the light source.


Thank You