Learning Objectives Subject 3:

To describe the definition of population and

sample
To explain the conditions required for a
representative sample
To explain several sampling methods
To describe types of data and variable
POPULATION

GROUP OF OBJCETS
(peoples, animals, hospitals
or programs)

The prevalence of insulin retention among
DM patients study, DM patients should be the
population of the study
TARGET POPULATION
Populasi Sasaran

TO WHOM THE RESULT
WILL BE GENERALIZED

Target population is similar to the population
of the study
SAMPLED POPULATION
Populasi Terjangkau



Where sample will be selected
DM Patiens who visited Sanglah
Hospital Jan-Dec 2009
TARGET POPULATION
SAMPLED
POPULATION

SAMPLE




Sample is part of the sampled population who
visited the Sanglah Hospitals during those periods
TARGET POPULATION
SAMPLED
POPULATION
SAMPLE
Case 1
If we wish to conduct a study about
the effectiveness of Cefazolin to
prevent infection after hysterectomy at
Sanglah Hospital; so who is
the target population
the sampled population
the sample
SAMPLING CRITERIONS
Kriteria Sampel
INCLUSION
- represent the target population
EXCLUSION
- contra indication
- control for confounding variable
- assure the quality of data
DROP OUT
- occurrence of side effects
- incomplete data
Ilustration
Study about the risk of PID in women using IUD
compare to non users

Inclusion criteria
Women at reproductive age (15-49 years)
Married
Exclusion criteria
Women with condition that contraindicate
IUD usage or laparoscopic surgery
Imunodeficiency,Multipartner
Non cooperative
Drop Out
Refuse to be interviewed or examined

CASE 2
Clinical trial regarding the effect of pro-
biotic on the length of stay of acute diarrhea
patients with mild dehydration, among
infant patients at Sanglah hospital 2009

Define the sample criterions for
this study !
Inclusion Criterions
Patient acute diarrhea with mild
dehydration
Age 0-1 year old
Hospitalize at January to
December 2009 at Sanglah Hospital
Exclusion Criterions
Immune deficiency (confounding)
Malnutrition (confounding)
Allergy to pro-biotic (preventing
side effect)
Poor communication (assuring the
quality of data)


Drop Out Criterions
Withdrawal
Diverse side effect
Incomplete data


Sampling Technique
Representativeness
Sample Size
Sampling technique
The bigger the
more
representative
Proper method gives
representative
sample
SAMPLE SIZE
1. VARIABILITY
()

2. RELIABILITY
() and ()


3. PRECISION ()
/2
/2
POPULASI
SAMPEL

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Simple R.S.
Stratified S.
Systematic S.
Multi Stage S.
Cluster S.
PPS
etc.tg
Purposive S.
Convenient S.
Consecutive S.
Quota S.
Snow Balling t.
etc.
Nonrandom
Random
When to choose a certain technique?
Technique Indication
Simple Random Probability of events in
Population is homogenous
Systematic Random Population is homogenous;
If we wish the sample
distributed systematically
Stratified Random Probability of events in
population is heterogeneous
Cluster Sampling Group of people with the
same characteristic
(profession, geographic)
SIMPLE RANDOM
Random Number Table
Choose the random table (digit)
Choose the page
Choose the first sample
Choose the next samples horizontal/diagonally
Digit:
1 digit: 1 digit population
2 digit: 2 digit population
3 digit: 3 digit population
4 digit: 4 digit population
If we wish to select 13
sample from125
population
3 9 5 8 0 7 1 4 6 1 0 2 5 9 3 8 3 2 9 8 4 0 2 7
0 5 9 1 8 2 7 1 4 0 5 8 3 9 0 6 3 0 1 4 1 8 3 6
1 6 8 2 0 3 9 5 6 2 4 1 9 0 7 3 9 1 2 5 7 0 6 1
9 0 1 4 2 5 1 8 0 3 9 5 4 0 3 5 1 0 5 6 3 4 8 2
6 0 1 5 1 0 2 9 9 0 2 1 4 8 3 7 5 6 3 8 0 3 7 1
7 2 9 8 5 9 3 6 1 2 5 3 0 1 4 8 0 3 9 1 6 8 4 1
4 6 1 9 2 7 4 3 3 0 1 2 9 0 1 5 8 5 1 4 6 5 0 3
9 0 1 3 9 5 1 8 1 5 3 8 4 0 2 7 7 4 2 5 9 1 3 8
5 1 3 7 4 0 1 2 9 5 0 6 6 1 4 8 2 9 5 7 2 4 8 5
2 5 0 1 7 1 3 9 4 9 2 0 1 3 5 0 6 2 9 4 1 5 7 0
8 3 2 0 3 4 5 0 2 8 6 4 7 2 9 1 5 8 2 7 8 0 5 2
9 3 6 1 3 0 6 2 5 8 9 3 2 0 5 7 1 0 6 4 3 8 5 9
0 5 7 2 9 4 7 1 0 5 7 2 9 0 3 1 0 4 7 5 8 0 3 7
6 8 5 1 8 5 0 3 8 5 0 1 0 6 3 1 4 7 9 2 5 0 3 8
Sampling Technique
Systematic Random
Type:
Liniar
Circular
Select 13 samples from125 population
1. Construct the sampling frame
2. Calculate theINTERVAL (k): N/n
3. Choose the 1
st
Sample (RS):
Liniar: select from pop. no 1 to no interval
Circular: select from pop. no.1 up to the last no
4. Choose the next samples by following certain
rule
25
1. Construct the sampling frame
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
.
.
.
.
.
.
125
2. Calculate INTERVAL (k): N/n 125 / 13 = 9,615...
3. Choose the 1
st
Sample:
(Random Start)
Liniar: select no. of the populaton
from 1 to interval
4. Select the next samples by following
2 = 6 + (1) x 9,615 = 15,615 ----->
16
3 = 6 + (2) x 9,615 = 25,230 ----->
4 = 6 + (3) x 9,615 = 34,845 -----> 35
And so on . . . . . . . . . .
R
(i)
= RS + (i-1)(I)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
.
.
.
92
.
.
125
1. Construct the sampling frame
2. Calculate INTERVAL (k): N/n 125 / 13 = 9,615...
3. Select the 1
st
sample (Random Start :)
Circular: choose the pop no. from 1
to the last
4. Choose the next samples as following
2 = 92 + 1 x 9,615 = 101,615 ----->
3 = 92 + 2 x 9,615 = 111,230 ----->
4 = 92 + 3 x 9,615 = 120,845 ----->
Up to No. 125 . . . . Weve not got 13 samples
111
121
----> Return to NO. 1
R
(i)
= RS + (i-1)(I)
102
Equation
R
(i)
= RS + (i-1)(I) - N
5 = 92 + (5-1)(9,615) - 125 = 5,460 -----------> 5
7 = 92 + (7-1)(9,615) - 125 = 24,690 ---------->
6 = 92 + (6-1)(9,615) - 125 = 15,075 ----------> 15
25
And so on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Note:
- RS = First Sample/random start
- i = Interval
- N = Total no of population

VARIABLES and DATA
VARIABLE
DATA STATISTIC
Aspects that
observed/measured


SEX

Birth Weight

Nutritional status
Result of
observation/measure
ment

M, M, F, M, F,

1,5 2,0 3,5 4,0 3,0

good, poor,
very poor, good,
good
Result of analisis



60% laki

Mean BW= 2,8 kg

20% poor
20% very poor
status
CLASIFICATION OF VARIABLES
QUALITY PENGUKURAN
FUNCTION
CATEGORICAL
sex
occupation


NUMERIC
Birth weight
Age
NOMINAL
sex, occupation

ORDINAL
Nutritional status

DISCRETE
Parity

INTERVAL
temperature

RATIO
weight, height
Dependent

Independent

Intermediate

Confounding

Control

Random
VACCINATION
DISEASE
AGE
INDEPENDENT
DEPENDENT
CONFOUNDING
NUTRITIONAL
STATUS
CONTROL
IMMUNITY
INTERMEDIATE
SEASON
RANDOM
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIABELS