THE APPLICATION OF 316L

STAINLESS STEEL IN
STAPEDOTOMY SURGICAL
PROCEDURE

PRESENTED BY:
AFIZA BT AHMAD FAIRUZI
NEK NORSUHAILAH BT AMINON
NUR LIYANA BT MAT AZAM
NURUL NAQIAH BT KHAIFULLIZAN
Contents
Introduction
Normal hearing mechanism
Normal hearing mechanism
Otosclerosis
In otosclerosis, the final hearing bone in the chain is the stapes (stirrup)
become fixed so that little or no movement is possible. This causes a
block in the transmission of the sound waves and deafness results.
Application









In the austenitic stainless steels the atoms,here
iron, chromium and nickel, are arranged on the
corners of the cube and in the center of each of
the faces of the cube.

Grade Tensile
Strength
(Mpa) min
Yield
Strength
0.2% Proof
(Mpa) min
Elongation
(% in 50
mm) min
Hardness
Rockwell B
(HR B) max
Brinell
(HB) max
316 515

205 40 95 217
316 L 485 170 40 95 217
316 H 515 205 40 95 217
Mechanical properties of metal are the
behavior of metals that measured under the
effect of external forces.

Tension test is the most common method to
determine the mechanical properties of materials,
such as strength, ductility, toughness, elastic
modulus, and strain hardening capability.
Another important mechanical property of metal is
the hardness which gives a general indication of its
resistance to localize plastic deformation.
Beside composition, metallurgical state and synthesis
process of the metals change their mechanical
properties, i.e. annealed condition has better ductility
than that of cold worked and cast metal implants
usually possess lower strength than those made by
forging.

Different from the breakdown in the tension test
where the specimen is subjected under gradual
increase of loading until fractures, failure of a
component practically occurs after a lengthy period
of repeated stress or strain cycling.
This phenomenon is called fatigue failure and
responsible for the majority of failures in many
mechanical components. To avoid this kind of
failure, the stress level should be reduced to a level
which the material can be subjected without fatigue
failure, regardless of the number of cycle. The
maximum level of loading stress is known as the
endurance limit or fatigue limit.

Grade 316 is the standard molybdenum-bearing grade, second
in importance to 304 amongst the austenitic stainless steels.
The molybdenum gives 316 better overall corrosion resistant
properties than Grade 304, particularly higher resistance to
pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride environments.
Grade 316L, the low carbon version of 316, is immune from
sensitization (grain boundary carbide precipitation). Thus it is
extensively used in heavy gauge welded components (over
about 6mm). There is commonly no appreciable price
difference between 316 and 316L stainless steel.
The austenitic structure also gives these grades excellent
toughness, even down to cryogenic temperatures (production
of very low temperature, how to produce and how materials
behave at those temperature).

Compared to chromium-nickel austenitic stainless
steels, 316L stainless steel offers higher creep, stress
to rupture and tensile strength at elevated
temperatures.
Endura Met(R) 316LN stainless is a nitrogen-
strengthened version of Type 316L stainless. By
means of solid solution strengthening, the nitrogen
provides significantly higher yield and tensile
strength as annealed than Type 316L without
adversely affecting ductility, corrosion resistance or
non-magnetic properties. In the hot rolled unannealed
condition, yield strength of 75 ksi (518 MPa) or
higher can be achieved for bar diameters up to
1.375in (34.925mm).

It appears that Type 316 is a standard stainless steel,
316L is a low carbon stainless steel, and 316LN is a
low carbon nitrogen strengthened stainless steel.
Basic mechanical strength increases with alloy
additions, but the atomic structure differences of the
various groups of stainless steels has a more
important effect.
Only the martensitic stainless steels are hardenable
by heat treatment, like other alloy steels.
Precipitation hardening stainless steels are
strengthened by heat treatment, but use a different
mechanism to the martensitic types.


In stapes prosthesis, biocompatibility involves
the acceptance of an artificial implant by the
surrounding tissues and by the body as a whole.
The implants do not irritate the surrounding
structures, do not incite an excessive
inflammatory response, do not stimulate
allergic and immunologic reactions, and do not
cause cancer.

The main demands on a stapes prosthesis are
good bio-tolerance, simple intraoperative
handling and good sound transmission

The ability of its piston wire to self-fasten or crimp
securely around the incus following the application of
heat. This self-crimping property is reported to
provide a more secure fit between the wire and the
incus which in turn leads to improved transmission of
sound. By eliminating manual crimping and reducing
the manipulation of the prosthesis in the middle ear,
the prosthesis should theoretically lower failure rates.

The selection of a particular prosthesis by individual
surgeons is dictated by the ease of usage, safety and
favourable hearing outcomes.

CONCLUSION

In general the operation is very successful with
over 90% of people experiencing a good
improvement in hearing.
However, sometimes the hearing remains
unchanged and there is a small (approx 1-2%)
chance of hearing loss.
Eventually, this implant offer an option for
people that may facing permanent hearing loss
to fix their problem.