GROUP 1:

MIGUEL B. BELZA, JR.

JONEL A. OCAMPO
LAMBERTO C. TALPLACIDO, JR.
JERIC DJ. HIPOLITO
MICHAEL JOHN G. MONTOYA




Irrigation is the artificial application of water
to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the
growing of agricultural crops, maintenance
of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed
soils in dry areas and during periods of
inadequate rainfall.
ARABLE
LANDS
IRRIGABLE
LANDS
IT IS A LAND THAT WHEN
PROPERLY PREPARED FO
AGRICULTURE, WILL HAVE
SUFFICIENT YIELD TO JUSTIFY
ITS DEVELOPMENT
IT IS AN ARABLE LAND FOR
WHICH A WATER SUPPLY IS
AVAILABLE.
LAND CLASSIFICATION
SOIL - Soil is the mixture of minerals, organic
matter, gases, liquids and a myriad of
organisms that can support plant life. It is a
natural body that exists as part of the
pedosphere and it performs four important
functions.
SOIL
SAND SILT
CLAY
Sand is a naturally
occurring granular
material composed
of finely
divided rock andmi
neral particles.
A sedimentary material
with grains smaller than
0.002millimeters in dia
meter.
A sedimentary mate
rial consisting of ver
y fine particles inter
mediate in size
between sand and cl
ay.
The movement of soil moisture is in many
ways analogous to the transfer of heat.

Having the equation:

q=Q/A = -K(h/s)
H- total head
K- hydraulic conductivity
S- distance along the line of flow
Capillary head - is the sunction required to
pull water fom the soil

Gravity head is the height above some
datum

Vapor head pressure - is a function of the
vapor pressure gradients in the soil that
result from temperature differences within
the soil mass.
These are also know as diversion
requirements, it consists of the water
needed by the crop plus the losses associated
with the application and delivery of water


If no direct determination of total water
requirement is possible, an estimate may be
made by first estimating the crop water
requirement and modifying this value for
application and delivery losses.
The quantity of water required by a crop in a
given period of time for normal growth under
field conditions." It includes evaporation and
other unavoidable wastes. Usually water
requirement for crop is expressed in water depth
per unit area.

Also defined as the consumptive use less the
effective precipitation

Winter precipitation is effective only to the
extent that it remains in the soil until the
growing season

It is virtually impossible to operate any
irrigation project without waste or loss of
water. Losses at the farm during irrigation
include deep seepage and surface runoff.
1. Percolation loss
Sometimes, almost 5 percent of applied
water is lost due to sprinklers, while
flooding over period of time loss from 15
to 50 percent of applied water
So it is required to have more water than
usual quantity used.
Not all waters is suitable for irrigation

It may be:
1. Chemical toxics to plants or to persons
using the plants as food.
2. Chemicals that react with the soil to
produce unsatisfactory moistue
characteristics
3. Bacteria injurious to persons or animals
eating plants irrigated with the water
Sometimes, The cause of this unsatisfaction was the concentration
of solutions to the soil which makes it hazardous to plants. They
reduce the osmotic activity of plants, preventing the absorption
of nutrients from the soil.
Causes:
1. salt concentration.
a. from calcium
b. magnesium
c. sodium
d. potassium


q
a=
C
s
(Uc-Peff)/Cs-C

qa- depth applied
C- salinity of irrigation water
Cs- salinity of soil solution
Peff- precipitation
Uc consumptive use

Soil with low SAR(sodium absorption ratio) is desirable:

SAR= NA/square root(ca
2+
+ mg
2+
)/2

FLOODING
TRICKLE
IRRIGATION
SUBIRRIGATION SPRINKLING
FURROW
IRRIGATION
FLOODING
WILD BASIN CONTROLLED
Furrow it is used for row crops, and small
furows called currogations have been used for
forage cops such as alfalfa.

Sprinkler this requires pressurized system
because the water will pass through long pipes.

Subirrigation this is used for the conditions of
permeable soils on root zone, underlain by an
impermeable horizon

Trickle these are perforated plastic pipe laid
along the ground at the base of a row of plants.
It is very important that irrigated lands are
properly drained to prevent the land from
becoming waterlogged.
This section of the article just simply implies
that before we could produce an irrigation
system, we have to do some paper works,
consultations, and documentations to the
government whether our proposed irrigation
method is acceptable by the government
itself and by the citizen. Surveys must be
conducted for the situational moments; And
afterwards, if the government approves it,
they should provide enough fund and budget
for it.
The list that follows summarizes in general terms the steps required for
most projects:
1. Land classification
2. Estimate of irrigation water requirements
3. Determination of sources of available water
4. Establishment of legal title of water
5. Analysis of chemical quality of available water.
6. Design of storage resevoir to assurre necessary water
7. Design of dam and spillway
8. Design of distribution works
9. Economic analysis of the project to deterrmine whether the estimated
cost is returnable fom the potential benefits
10. Analysis of the environmental and social impacts of the various project
alternatives.
11. Project evaluation based on economic, financial, environmental, and
social considerations.
12. Establishment of the organization that will operate the project .