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1 | Program Name or Ancillary Text eere.energy.

gov
Water Power Peer Review
Acoustic Effects of Hydrokinetic Tidal
Turbines

Dr. Brian Polagye
University of Washington, NNMREC
bpolagye@uw.edu
November 1, 2011
2 | Wind and Water Power Program eere.energy.gov
Purpose, Objectives, & Integration
Determine the likely acoustic effects from a tidal energy
project understand potential harm to marine life
Ambient noise (context for turbine noise)
Sound from turbines (at various device scales)
Marine species presence (space and time variation)
Effect of sound on marine species (injury and behavioral changes)
All data collected over course of project in public
domain (NNMREC website)
Industry, university, and laboratory involvement
Snohomish PUD: Craig Collar and Jessica Spahr
University of Washington: Brian Polagye, Jim Thomson, Chris Bassett
(NSF graduate research fellow), Joe Graber
SMRU, Ltd: Dom Tollit and Jason Wood
PNNL: Andrea Copping and Tom Carlson
3 | Wind and Water Power Program eere.energy.gov
Technical Approach
Monitoring Biological and Physical Characteristcs
Infrared detection (land-based)
AIS Tracking
(land-based)
Sea Spider
(bottom-mounted)
Marine mammal
echolocation
detectors
Ambient noise
recorder
Fish tag receiver
Doppler profiler
4 | Wind and Water Power Program eere.energy.gov
Technical Approach
Sound from Tidal Turbines
Limited measurements from
OpenHydro turbine at EMEC
Apply first-order scaling rules for
arrays of larger turbines
Focus on post-installation
characterization of turbine noise
Omnidirectional sound propagation
test
Demonstrate characterization
methodology for TRL 7/8 projects
Necessary to place turbine noise
in context of ambient noise OpenHydro turbine noise measurements
(Scottish Association of Marine Sciences )
5 | Wind and Water Power Program eere.energy.gov
Technical Approach
Effects of Turbine Noise
Literature review of effects on
marine species from percussive and
continuous noise
Laboratory experiments expanding
knowledge base (juvenile salmon)
Exposure to simulated turbine noise in
anechoic tank
Measured hearing response to identify
onset of threshold shift
Necropsies to identify tissue damage
Proxy study: effect of ferry noise on
harbor porpoise
Ferry noise frequency distribution
similar to turbine
Top: Fish undergoing an Auditory Evoked Potential (AEP)
Hearing test. Bottom: Electrophysiological response

6 | Wind and Water Power Program eere.energy.gov
Plan, Schedule, & Budget
Schedule
Initiation date: September 30, 2009 (under contract March 26, 2010)
Planned completion date: December 31, 2011
Fabrication and deployment of Sea Spiders (August 2010)
Sound propagation field study (August 2011)
Laboratory hearing/exposure experiment (March June 2011)
Presentation of results (e.g., webinars, conferences) (2010-2011)

Budget
Two additional Sea Spider deployments (increased supplies)
85% of DOE funds costed (September 2011)
Budget History
FY2009 FY2010 FY2011
DOE Cost-share DOE Cost-share DOE Cost-share
$0 $0 $213k $26k $291k $26k
7 | Wind and Water Power Program eere.energy.gov
Accomplishments and Results
Context is Crucial for Interpreting Acoustic Effects
Ambient noise will also complicate post-installation measurements
Estimated effect of turbine operation
on ambient noise
8 | Wind and Water Power Program eere.energy.gov
Accomplishments and Results
Maximum Ambient Noise is Vessel Dominated
Vessel density (vessel-minutes) in
project area
Cumulative probability distributions of
broadband received levels
9 | Wind and Water Power Program eere.energy.gov
Accomplishments and Results
Marine Mammal Response is Site-Specific
No apparent avoidance to
exposure at 140 dB (broadband)
Indicator of noise habituation
N = 16
R
2
= 0.1, F = 5.5, p = 0.02
10 | Wind and Water Power Program eere.energy.gov
Challenges to Date
OpenHydro turbine noise measurements
(Scottish Association of Marine Sciences )
Acoustic Source
Limited measurements difficult to
quantify turbine noise
Focus on testing methods to
characterize turbine noise post-install
Measurements
Flow noise and self noise affect
measurements when currents > 1 m/s
Development of compact flow shield
for stationary measurements and
drifting hydrophone approach
Species effects
Cannot experiment directly on marine
mammals
Opportunistic proxy studies
Surrogate laboratory experiments
11 | Wind and Water Power Program eere.energy.gov
Next Steps
Project Completion
Summary report describing techniques and
lessons learned
Analysis of source propagation data
Publications: vessel noise, harbor porpoise
presence, proxy study of noise effects
Future Work
Better analytical tools for scaling noise estimates
from measurements
Simple tools for pre-installation estimates
emphasize measuring noise at pilot-scale
Scale-up design trade-offs for quieter turbines

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