0 оценок0% нашли этот документ полезным (0 голосов)
101 просмотров34 страницы
This document provides information about gas pipeline design and flow equations. It begins with learning outcomes related to applying pipeline flow equations and designing gas transportation systems. It then covers topics like pipeline design factors, Reynolds number, friction factors, and key pipeline flow equations including Weymouth, Panhandle, and Modified Panhandle. Examples are provided to demonstrate using the equations to calculate gas flow rates through pipelines based on given pipeline parameters.
This document provides information about gas pipeline design and flow equations. It begins with learning outcomes related to applying pipeline flow equations and designing gas transportation systems. It then covers topics like pipeline design factors, Reynolds number, friction factors, and key pipeline flow equations including Weymouth, Panhandle, and Modified Panhandle. Examples are provided to demonstrate using the equations to calculate gas flow rates through pipelines based on given pipeline parameters.
This document provides information about gas pipeline design and flow equations. It begins with learning outcomes related to applying pipeline flow equations and designing gas transportation systems. It then covers topics like pipeline design factors, Reynolds number, friction factors, and key pipeline flow equations including Weymouth, Panhandle, and Modified Panhandle. Examples are provided to demonstrate using the equations to calculate gas flow rates through pipelines based on given pipeline parameters.
At the end of the session, students should be able to:
Apply pipeline flow equations
Design gas transportation, gathering, and distribution systems.
3 3.1 INTRODUCTION
Transmission of natural gas to consumer be divided into three distinct pipeline units: gathering system, main trunk line transportation system, and distribution system. Focuses on design and operation of natural gas pipelines in onshore and offshore gas fields. 4 3.2 Pipeline Design Factors to be considered in the design of long-distance gas pipe-lines. the volume and composition of the gas to be transmitted, the length of the line the type of terrain to be crossed maximum elevation of the route Note: Pipe line must be larger to accommodate the greater volume of gas. 5 3.2 Pipeline Design Several designs are usually made so that the economical one can be selected.
Maximum capacity of a pipeline is limited by higher transmission pressures and strong materials.
For economic operation, better to preserve full pipeline utilization. 6 3.2.1 Sizing Pipelines
Capacity of gas transmission is controlled mainly by its size.
Complex equations have been developed for sizing natural gas pipelines in various flow conditions.
By using these equations, various combinations of pipe diameter and wall thickness for a desired rate of gas throughout can be calculated. 7 3.3 Friction Factor Friction losses:
o Internal losses due to viscosity effects o losses due to the roughness of the inner wall of the pipeline
Friction factor is a function of the Reynolds number and of the relative roughness of pipe. N Re = Reynolds Number e = absolute roughness of pipe D = diameter of pipe
f = f (N Re , e D ) 8 Equation that relates lost work per unit length of pipe and the flow variables is 3.3 Friction Factor 9 Reynolds Number Reynolds number (N Re ) is defined as the ratio of fluid momentum force to viscous shear force. The Reynolds number can be expressed as a dimensionless group defined as
10 Reynolds Number Reynolds number is used as a parameter to distinguish between flow regimes.
Flow Type N Re , smooth pipes Laminar Critical Transition Turbulent
< 2000 2000 3000 3000 -4000 > 4000 11 Reynolds Number For all practical purposes, the Reynolds number for natural gas flow problems may be expressed as 12 (11.8) Relative Roughness
From a microscopic sense, wall roughness is not uniform, and thus the distance from the peaks to valleys on the wall surface will vary greatly.
This is measured in terms of absolute roughness, E
13 Relative Roughness e D , is defined as the ratio of the absolute roughness to the pipe internal diameter:
and D have the same unit. If roughness not known, take E =0.0006 14 (11.9) Absolute Roughness Type of Pipe (in.) Aluminiun pipe 0.0002 Plastic-lined pipe 0.0002- 0.0003 Commercial steel or wrought iron 0.0018 Asphalted cast iron 0.0048 Galvanized iron 0.006 Cast iron 0.0102 Cement-lined 0.012-0.12 Riveted steel 0.036-0.36
Commonly used well tubing and line pipe New pipe 0.0005-0.0007 12-months old 0.00150 24-months old 0.00175
. 15 3.4 Equation for Friction Factor Figure is a Moody friction factor chart log-log graph of (log f) versus (log N Re ). 16 Laminar Single-Phase Flow Friction factor for laminar flow can be determined analytically. 17 (11.11) (11.12) Turbulent Single-Phase Flow
Out of a number of empirical correlations for friction factors are available, only the most accurate ones are presented.
For smooth wall pipes in the turbulent flow region. Valid over a wide range of Reynolds numbers 18 (11.13) Turbulent Single-Phase Flow For rough pipes fully developed turbulent flow : Nikuradses Correlation 19 (11.14) Note: Velocity profile and pressure gradient are very sensitive to pipe roughness. Turbulent Single-Phase Flow Colebrook equation Jain equation 20 Jain presented an explicit correlation for friction factor. (11.15) (11.16) Applicable to smooth pipes and transition and fully turbulent flow. Eqn is not explicit in friction factor f. Use Newton-Raphson Iteration. Pipeline Equations
Weymouth equation is preferred for smaller-diameter lines (D < 15 in).
Panhandle equation and the Modified Panhandle equation are better for larger-sized lines. 21 Weymouth Equation for Horizontal Flow Basic pipeline flow equation for steady state horizontal flow where unit of gas flow rate is in scfh(standard cubic feet/hour) is: where q h = scf/hr 22 (11.22) (11.24) Weymouth Equation for Horizontal Flow 23 Variables in horizontal pipeline flow equation are;
L = length of pipe (mile) D = Diameter of pipe(in.) P1 = upstream pressure(psia) P2 = downstream pressure(psia) z = compressibility factor Tb = base temperature(R) Pb = base pressure (psia)
Weymouth Equation for Horizontal Flow 24 When applying the above Eqn (11.22), trial and error calculation procedure is needed.
To eliminate trial and error calculation, Weymouth proposed that f varies as a function of diameter in inches as follows:
(11.25) With this simplification, Eqn (11.22) reduces to Weymouth Equation for Horizontal Flow where q h = scf/hr which is the form of the Weymouth equation commonly used in the natural gas industry.
D = pipe internal diameter, in L = Length of pipe, mile 25 (11.26) With this simplification, Eqn(11.22 reduces to
Weymouth Equation for Horizontal Flow
Assumptions for use of the Weymouth equation including
no mechanical work, steady flow, isothermal flow, Constant compressibility factor, horizontal flow, and no kinetic energy change.
These assumptions can affect accuracy of calculation results. 26 Example (1 ) For the following data given for a horizontal pipeline, predict gas flow rate in cubic ft/hr through the pipeline. The problem can be solved using (a)Equation (11.22) with the trial-and-error method for friction factor, and (b) Weymouth equation without the Reynolds number-dependent friction factor(Eqn 11.26).
Solution 27 Example (1 ) The average pressure is: 28 Relative roughness: A. Trial-and-Error Calculation: First Trial : 29 (11.24) By applying Jain Equation, (11.16) 30 (11.16) By applying Eqn(11.22) Second Trial : 31 (11.22)
(11.24)
(11.16)
Third Trial : 32 (11.22) (11.24)
(11.16)
which is close to the previous assumed 1,186,759 cfh B. Using the Weymouth equation: 33 (11.26)