Periodic Trends and Bonding

MCAT Lecture 2
G-Chem
Common Group Names
S block
Group I: Alkali metals (reactive to H
2
0)
Group II: Alkaline earth metals (insoluble)

D block
Transition metals (many oxid. states)

P block
Group VII: Halogens
Group VIII: Noble Gases (inert)

F block
Rare earth metals
Et Cetera
Alkali
-extremely reactive
-soluble

Alkaline Earth
-mostly not soluble (coulombs law)

Transition Metals
-various oxidation states

Rare Earth Metals
-uranium last natural element
Et Cetera 2
7 diatomic elements
H
2
N
2
O
2
F
2
Cl
2
Br
2
I
2


Pseudo Noble Gas
N
2


Liquids at 25C
Br
2
Hg

Colors
Cu- blue
Cl
2
greenish gas
Br
2
red
I
2
purple
Metals
Properties
1) Lustrous (shiny)
2) Malleable (hammered into sheets)
3) Ductile (wires)
4) Lewis Acids
5) Oxidized (lose e
-
)
6) Delocalized valence electrons
-Electrical Conductor
-Thermal Conductor
Z
eff

Z
eff
= ability of protons to pull electrons
toward the nucleus

Function of:
1) Proton number
2) Number of shells
Periodic Trends
Shielding vs. Z
eff

Across = adds protons ; increases Z
eff

Down = adds electron shells ; decreases Z
eff

Atomic Radius
Radius increases left ; decreasing Z
eff
Radius increasess down ; decreasing Z
eff




increases


Ionic Radius
Remove electrons = increase Z
eff
, reduce repulsion
Add electrons = decrease Z
eff
, add repulsion


cation radius < neutral radius < anion radius
Electronegativity
An atoms ability to pull electrons to itself in a
covalent bond

Increases right ; increasing Z
eff
, close to octet
Increases up ; increasing Z
eff

increases

Electronegativity Application
List top 10 electronegative atoms

Dr. F>O>N>Cl>Br>I>C>S P>H.d
Electron Affinity
Energy involved in putting an electron onto a
single atom

+ endergonic (unstable)
- exergonic (stable)
(-)

(+)
Noble gases excepted
Ionization Energy
Energy required to remove least tightly
bound electron (always +)

Energy increases right ; Z
eff
increasing
Energy increases up ; Z
eff
increasing

increases
I.E. Application
Place the following in order of increasing
first ionization energy:
Li Be B C N O F Ne

Li B Be* C O N* F Ne

*Exceptions at half and full closed subshells
Acidity
Determined by strength of bond holding H


increasing

Formal Charge
Are atoms being shared in the best possible
way?

FC = v.e. b.e. l.e.


Use the box method!
Formal Charge Application
Determine the best lewis diagram for NO
using formal charge


Determine formal charges on H
2
CO
3
Hybridization
The way of best arranging valence electrons
in a bond
s p p p d d d d d

Rules:
1) Every attachment uses one orbital
2) Lone pairs use one orbital
VSEPR
Geometric Family:
lone pairs = bonding pairs

Molecular Shape:
lone pairs = bonding pairs

MINIMIZE REPULSION
Geometric Families
One hybridization = one geometry

# e
-
groups Hybridization Family
2 sp linear
3 sp
2
trigonal planar

4 sp
3
tetrahedral

5 sp
3
d trig. bipyramidal
6 sp
3
d
2
octahedral


Molecular Shape
If # lone pairs is zero, geometry = shape
Molecular Shape 2
Family Possible Shapes
linear
0
linear

trig. planar
1
bent

tetrahedral
1
trigonal pyramidal
2
bent

trigonal bipyramidal
1
seesaw


2
t-shape

octahedral
1
square pyramidal


2
square planer

When lp equals zero, GEOMETRY = SHAPE
Molecular Shape Application
Determine hybridization, geometric family,
and molecular shape:
H
2
0 sp
3
, tetrahedral, bent

CCL
4
sp
3
, tetrahedral, tetrahedral

XeOF
4
sp
3
d
2
, octahedral, square pyramid
HClO
4
sp
3
, tetrahedral, tetrahedral
H
2
CO
3
sp
2
, trigonal planar, trigonal planar
BrF
3
sp
3
d, trig. bipyramidal, t-shaped

VSEPR Application
Draw Lewis structures for O
2
and O
3
.


O=O O-O=O

Why does ozone have a higher b.p. than oxygen?
-ozone is polar and has dipole-dipole intermolecular forces

Why is ozone more soluble than oxygen?
-ozone is polar

Why are the two bonds in ozone equal length and each longer than
the bond in diatomic oxygen?
-ozone has resonance making for two incomplete double bonds
compared to oxygens full double bond
Intramolecular Forces
Non-polar Covalent: equal sharing of electrons
H
2
N
2
O
2
F
2
Cl
2
Br
2
I
2


Polar Covalent: unequal sharing of electrons
-forms dipole moment
HCl, CO, H
2
O
Intramolecular Forces 2
Coordinate Covalent: donates orbitals and
donates electrons
Lewis Acid electron acceptor (usually metal or B)
Lewis Base electron donor

Metallic: sea of electrons

Network Covalent: all bonds covalent, no distinct
molecule, no intermolecular
Intermolecular Force
Ionic: two ions

Ion-Dipole: ion/polar

Dipole-Dipole: polar/polar
Intermolecular Forces 2
Dipole-Induced Dipole: polar/non-polar

London: non-polar/non-polar
Function of:
1) size
2) # of e
-
London Dispersion Force
Application
Order HCl, HBr, and HI in increasing order
of boiling points
HCl < HBr < HI
H-bonding
Both molecules must have an N, O, or F and
one molecule must have an H already
attached to its N, O, or F

Roughly 5-10% the strength of a covalent
bond
H-bond application
Why cant H
2
S H-bond (even though it is in
the same family as H
2
0)?
-S does not pull enough electron density
away from H to make H positive enough
All Forces
Listed in order of decreasing strength
Covalent
Polar Covalent Covalent
Coordinate Covalent
Ionic
Ion-Dipole
H-bonding Electrostatic
Dipole-Dipole
Dipole-Induced Dipole
van der Waals
H-bonding Application
Can H-bonding occur?
CH
4
/ H
2
O No
HF / NH
3
Yes

Whose H-bonds are stonger?
HF / NH
3

HF / H
2
0 stronger (larger dipole)