80286,80386 and 80486

Advanced Microprocessors
Introduction
80286 is an first advanced Processor with Memory
management unit and Protection abilities
24 bit address bus available which can address 16
Mbytes of Physical memory
It runs with 12.5Mhz clock frequency
It is compatible with its predecessors like 8086 and
8088 processors
It works in 2 operating modes like
Address mode &
Virtual Address mode

Real Address mode: 80286 can address up
to 1Mb of physical memory address like 8086
Virtual Address mode:it can address up to
16 Mb of physical memory address space and
1 Gb of virtual memory address space
In real address mode, the 80286 is object
code compatible with 8086.
In protected virtual address mode, it is source
code compatible with 8086


Architecture of 80286

Comparison between 8086 and
80286
8086
Intel 8086 was developed in
1978
It has almost 3000 different
instruction for programming
Peripheral ICs are not available
on board
Operating frequencies are
between 5 to 10MHz
No memory management
capability
20 bit address line, which can
access 2^20=1MB memory
8086 operates in Real
addressing mode
Slow performance compared
with 80286 .
Push and pop instructions are
used to store in stack memory
80286
Intel 80286 was developed 1983
More instructions available
compared to 8086
Peripheral ICs are available on
Board
Operating frequencies are
between 8 to 12.5MHz
80286 has memory
management capability that
maps 2^30 (1GB) virtual
memory
Operates in Real mode and
protection mode
808286 is high speed processor
compared with 8086. almost 6
times
Push , pop and push
immediately instructions are
availabe
Features of 80386

It is an 32 bit processor that supports 8,16 and 32-bit
operands.
It has 32 bit registers , 32 bit internal and external bus and
32 bit address bus
Due to 32 bit address bus, it can address up to 4 GB of
physical memory
It can support total virtual memory space almost 64 terra
byte
It is available in 275 K transistors
Its operating clock speed is 16 Mhz to 33Mhz
This processor has memory management unit with a
segmentation unit and paging unit
It operates in Real, Protected and virtual mode
Its 80386 instructions set is upward compatible with all its
predecessors
80386 processor supports intel 80387 numeric data
processor.
Comparison between 80286 and
80386
80286 80386
Intel 80286 was
developed in 1983 and it
is advanced version of
80186
16 bit processor
134K transistor in a 68 pin
IC
24 bit address lines , 16
MB of physical memory
can be accessed
80286 support numeric
processors
8 byte prefetch
queue
Intel 80386 was
developed in 1985 and
it is advanced version of
80286
32 bit processor
275K transistor in 132
pin IC
32 bit data and 32 bit
address lines , 4GB of
physical address it can
support
Supports numeric
processors
It is having 16 byte
prefetch queue


Features of 80486
It has complete 32 bit architecture
It is available in 25 Mhz, 33Mhz, 50Mhz and 100Mhz
clock frequency versions
More pipe lining has been introduced to improve the
performance
Floating point unit is integrated with 80486 processor
and hence the delay in communication between CPU
and FPU has been eliminated
For fast execution of complex instructions, 80486 has
5 stage pipelining 2- decoding and 3 for execution
Clock doubling and clock tripling technology is
incorporated in faster versions of intel 80486 cpu
Power management mode is standard feature of
80486


Pentium Processors
Features
5V processor fabricates in 0.8micron BiCMOS
technology
Runs at a clock frequency of 60Mhz/66Mhz and has
3.1 millon transistor
Compatibility with 80386 instructions through a
micro programmed CISC unit
It is Super scalar architecture
Wider 64 bit data buswith pipelined burst mode for
quicker chache line fills and write backs
Two independent integer pipelines and a floating
point pipeline
Memory management unit available
Power save function is also available


Block diagram of Pentium
architecture

Pentium Pro
This is 6
th
generation processor introduced in 1995
It consists of 5.5 million transistors
This is able to work in dual-processor and quad-
processor configurations.
It has 12 stage pipeline architecture
36 address bus
8KB instruction Cache
2 integer units and 1 floating point unit
This are popular in multiprocessing configurations
P6 architure operates in 32 bit OS such as Unix
It operates on 3.1V to 3.3 V