Chapter 3: Matter

Chapter Outline
• Describing matter
– Physical states of matter
– Physical and chemical properties
– Composition
• Pure substances - Elements and compounds
• Mixtures - Homogeneous and heterogeneous
• Separating matter based upon differences in
physical properties
– Filtration and distillation
 Physical States of Matter
• States of matter:
– Solid
– Liquid
– Gas
– Plasma (not covered)
 Physical States of Matter
• A substance’s state of matter is related to
the strength of the attractive forces among
the matter’s particles
– E.g. solids have very strong attractive forces
between particles and gases very weak forces
 Solids
• Shape
– fixed/definite
• Volume
– fixed
– Varies slightly with temperature
• Particles are closely packed, rigidly arranged,
and strongly attracted to each other
 Liquids
• Shape
– A liquid takes the shape of the bottom of the
container up to the volume it fills
• Volume
– fixed/definite
– Varies slightly with temperature
• Particles are sliding over each other and
moderately attracted to each other
 Gases
• Shape and Volume
– A gas takes the shape and volume of a closed
container
• Gases expand or compress to fill a closed container
• Gas particles are far apart, moving very rapidly as they
bounce off each other and the walls of the container
– Gas particles are very weakly attracted to each other
 Change of State
• Increasing the temperature of a substance
increases the kinetic energy of its particles
– Kinetic energy = energy of motion
– A change of state occurs when the energy of
the particles is greater than the forces that
hold the particles together at a given state
 Properties of Matter
• Physical property – characteristic of a
substance that can be determined without
changing the chemical composition of the
substance
– Examples:
 Properties of Matter
• Chemical property – ability of a substance
to form new substances
– Always involves a change in chemical
composition of the substance
– Examples:
 Related Terms
• Physical change
– Change in a substance’s physical properties
without a change in chemical composition
– Examples:
 Related Terms
• Chemical change
– Change in a substance’s chemical
composition
– Also called a chemical reaction
 Practice
• Groups answer # 17 on page 67.
 Composition of Matter
• Pure Substance - matter with definite
composition
– Elements and compounds are pure
substances
• Mixture – matter with variable composition
 Pure Substances
• Elements – substance that cannot be
broken down into other substances by
chemical means
– Examples: see periodic table
 Pure Substances
• Compounds – 2 or more (different)
elements joined in a definite ratio
– Compounds can be broken down into
elements by chemical means
– Examples:
 Pure Substances
• The properties of compounds are different
from those of the elements it contains.
– Example:
 Mixtures
• Mixture – matter with variable composition
– 2 or more pure substances mixed together
– The components of a mixture are not joined to
each other in any fixed ratio
• example
 Mixtures
• Homogeneous mixture
– Mixture with the same properties throughout
• Also called a solution
– Examples:

• Heterogeneous mixture
– Mixture with regions that have different
properties
– Examples:
 Summary
• See Board.
 Separating Mixtures
• Most matter in the world is a mixture
• To separate the components of a mixture,
chemists take advantage of differences in
the physical properties of the mixture’s
components.
– Not always easy!
 Separating Mixtures
• Filtration
– Used to separate a solid from a liquid in a
heterogeneous mixture
 Separating Mixtures
• Can filtration be used to separate sugar
from water in sugar water?
– Why or why not?
 Separating Mixtures
• Distillation
– Separates mixtures based upon differences in
volatility
• Volatility =

• Volatility is related to a substance’s boiling point

– A highly volatile substance will have a _______ boiling
points.
 Distillation
• Distillation works best when there is at
least a 100 C difference in boiling points.
• Consider a mixture of water and ethanol.
– Boiling point water ____________

– Boiling point ethanol ______________

Distillation
Apparatus
 Distillation
• Heat the mixture to the b.p. of the
substance with the lower b.p.
– Change of state occurs
• Ethanol becomes a gas
• Ethanol vapors expand to fill the distillation
apparatus
 Distillation
• Ethanol gas enters the water cooled
condensing tube
– Change of state occurs as the ethanol is
cooled below __________
• Ethanol gas condenses and forms a liquid
• Ethanol liquid drips into the collecting container
 Distillation
• Temperature shoots up to the bp of water
– Change of state occurs
• Water becomes a gas
– Water vapors expand to fill the distillation
apparatus
– Water vapors enter the condensing tube
– Water condenses to form a liquid……