UNIT-IV

INVERTERS
POWER ELECTRONICS
Single-Phase Inverters
Half-Bridge Inverter

One of the simplest types of inverter. Produces a square wave output.



POWER ELECTRONICS
Single-Phase Inverters
(contd)
Full Bridge (H-bridge) Inverter

Two half-bridge inverters combined.
Allows for four quadrant operation.




POWER ELECTRONICS
Single-Phase Inverters
(contd)
Quadrant 1: Positive step-down converter
(forward motoring)
Q1-On; Q2 - Chopping; D3,Q1 freewheeling




POWER ELECTRONICS
Single-Phase Inverters
(contd)
Quadrant 2: Positive step-up converter
(forward regeneration)
Q4 - Chopping; D2,D1 freewheeling




POWER ELECTRONICS
Single-Phase Inverters
(contd)
Quadrant 3: Negative step-down converter
(reverse motoring)
Q3-On; Q4 - Chopping; D1,Q3 freewheeling




POWER ELECTRONICS
Single-Phase Inverters
(contd)
Quadrant 4: Negative step-up converter
(reverse regeneration)
Q2 - Chopping; D3,D4 freewheeling




POWER ELECTRONICS
Single-Phase Inverters
(contd)
Phase-Shift Voltage Control - the output of
the H-bridge inverter can be controlled by
phase shifting the control of the
component half-bridges. See waveforms
on next slide.



POWER ELECTRONICS
Single-Phase Inverters
(contd)
POWER ELECTRONICS
Single-Phase Inverters
(contd)
The waveform of the output voltage v
ab
is a quasi-
square wave of pulse width |. The Fourier series of v
ab

is given by:



The value of the fundamental, a
1
=

The harmonic components as a function of phase
angle are shown in the next slide.
( )
1,3,5...
4
sin cos
2
d
ab
n
V n
v n t
n
|
e
t
=
(
| |
=
|
(
\ .

( )
4
sin / 2
d
V
|
t
POWER ELECTRONICS
Single-Phase Inverters
(contd)




POWER ELECTRONICS
Three-Phase Bridge
Inverters
Three-phase bridge inverters are widely
used for ac motor drives. Two modes of
operation - square wave and six-step. The
topology is basically three half-bridge
inverters, each phase-shifted by 2t/3,
driving each of the phase windings.
POWER ELECTRONICS
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters
(contd)




POWER ELECTRONICS
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters
(contd)




POWER ELECTRONICS
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters
(contd)
The three square-wave phase voltages can
be expressed in terms of the dc supply
voltage, V
d
, by Fourier series as:
1
0
1,3,5...
2
( 1) cos( )
n
d
a
n
V
v n t e
t
+
=
=

1
0
1,3,5...
2 2
( 1) cos( )
3
n
d
b
n
V
v n t
t
e
t
+
=
=

1
0
1,3,5...
2 2
( 1) cos( )
3
n
d
c
n
V
v n t
t
e
t
+
=
= +

POWER ELECTRONICS
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters
(contd)
The line voltages can then be expressed as:
0 0
1,3,5...
2 3
cos( / 2) cos( 2)
d
bc b c
n
V
v v v t n t e t e t
t
=
= =

0 0
1,3,5...
2 3
cos( 5 / 6) cos( 5 6)
d
ca c a
n
V
v v v t n t e t e t
t
=
= = +

0 0
1,3,5...
2 3
cos( / 6) cos( 6)
d
ab a b
n
V
v v v t n t e t e t
t
=
= = + +

POWER ELECTRONICS
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters
(contd)
The line voltages are six-step waveforms and
have characteristic harmonics of 6n1,
where n is an integer. This type of inverter is
referred to as a six-step inverter.

The three-phase fundamental and harmonics
are balanced with a mutual phase shift of
2t/3.
POWER ELECTRONICS
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters
(contd)
If the three-phase load neutral n is isolated from the the
center tap of the dc voltage supply (as is normally the
case in an ac machine) the equivalent circuit is shown
below.



POWER ELECTRONICS
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters
(contd)
In this case the isolated neutral-phase
voltages are also six-step waveforms with
the fundamental component phase-shifted
by t/6 from that of the respective line
voltage. Also, in this case, the triplen
harmonics are suppressed.


POWER ELECTRONICS
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters
(contd)
For a linear and balanced 3u load, the line currents
are also balanced. The individual line current
components can be obtained from the Fourier series
of the line voltage. The total current can be obtained
by addition of the individual currents. A typical line
current wave with inductive load is shown below.



POWER ELECTRONICS
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters
(contd)
The inverter can operate in the usual inverting or
motoring mode. If the phase current wave, i
a
, is
assumed to be perfectly filtered and lags the phase
voltage by t/3 the voltage and current waveforms are
as shown below:


POWER ELECTRONICS
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters
The inverter can also operate in rectification or regeneration
mode in which power is pushed back to the dc side from the ac
side. The waveforms corresponding to this mode of operation
with phase angle = 2t/3 are shown below:


POWER ELECTRONICS
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters
(contd)
The phase-shift voltage control principle
described earlier for the single-phase
inverter can be extended to control the
output voltage of a three-phase inverter.



POWER ELECTRONICS
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters
(contd)




POWER ELECTRONICS
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters
(contd)
The three waveforms v
a0
,v
b0
, and v
c0
are of
amplitude 0.5V
d
and are mutually phase-
shifted by 2t/3.

The three waveforms v
e0
,v
f0
, and v
g0
are of
similar but phase shifted by |.


POWER ELECTRONICS
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters
(contd)
The transformers secondary phase voltages,
v
A0
, v
B0
, and v
c0
may be expressed as follows:





where m is the transformer turns ratio
(= N
s
/N
p
). Note that each of these waves is a
function of | angle.
0 0 0
( )
A ad a d
v mv m v v = =
0 0 0
( )
B be b e
v mv m v v = =
0 0 0
( )
C cf c f
v mv m v v = =
POWER ELECTRONICS
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters
(contd)
The output line voltages are given by:




While the component voltage waves v
a0
, v
d0
, v
A0
etc. all
contain triplen harmonics, they are eliminated from the
line voltages because they are co-phasal. Thus the line
voltages are six-step waveforms with order of harmonics
= 6n1 at a phase angle |.

0 0 AB A B
v v v =
0 0 BC B C
v v v =
0 0 CA C A
v v v =
POWER ELECTRONICS
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters
(contd)
The Fourier series for v
A0
and v
B0
are given
by:






( )
0
1,3,5...
4
sin cos
2
d
A
n
mV n
v n t
n
|
e
t
=
(
| |
=
|
(
\ .

( )
0
1,3,5...
4
sin cos 2 / 3
2
d
B
n
mV n
v n t
n
|
e t
t
=
(
| |
=
|
(
\ .

POWER ELECTRONICS
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters
(contd)
The Fourier series for v
AB
is given by:





Note that the triplen harmonics are removed
in v
AB
although they are present in v
A0
and
v
B0
.
( )
1,5,7,11...
4 2
sin cos cos
2 3
d
n
mV n
n t n t
n
| t
e e
t
=
( (
| | | |
=
| |
( (
\ . \ .

0 0 AB A B
v v v =
POWER ELECTRONICS
PWM Technique
While the 3u 6-step inverter offers simple
control and low switching loss, lower order
harmonics are relatively high leading to high
distortion of the current wave (unless
significant filtering is performed).

PWM inverter offers better harmonic control
of the output than 6-step inverter.
POWER ELECTRONICS
PWM Principle
The dc input to the inverter is chopped by
switching devices in the inverter. The
amplitude and harmonic content of the ac
waveform is controlled by the duty cycle of
the switches. The fundamental voltage v
1

has max. amplitude = 4V
d
/t for a square
wave output but by creating notches, the
amplitude of v
1
is reduced (see next slide).
POWER ELECTRONICS
PWM Principle (contd)




POWER ELECTRONICS
PWM Techniques
Various PWM techniques, include:

Sinusoidal PWM (most common)
Selected Harmonic Elimination (SHE)
PWM
Space-Vector PWM
Instantaneous current control PWM
Hysteresis band current control PWM
Sigma-delta modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
Sinusoidal PWM
The most common PWM approach is
sinusoidal PWM. In this method a
triangular wave is compared to a
sinusoidal wave of the desired
frequency and the relative levels of the
two waves is used to control the
switching of devices in each phase leg
of the inverter.
POWER ELECTRONICS
Sinusoidal PWM
(contd)
Single-Phase (Half-Bridge) Inverter
Implementation
POWER ELECTRONICS
Sinusoidal PWM (contd)








when v
a0
> v
T
T
+
on; T
-
off; v
a0
= V
d

v
a0
< v
T
T
-
on; T
+
off; v
a0
= -V
d

POWER ELECTRONICS
Sinusoidal PWM
(contd)




POWER ELECTRONICS
Sinusoidal PWM (contd)
Definition of terms:
Triangle waveform switching freq. = f
c
(also called
carrier freq.)
Control signal freq. = f (also called modulation
freq.)

Amplitude modulation ratio, m

= V
p

V
T

Frequency modulation ratio,
m
f
(P)= f
c
/ f

Peak amplitude
of control signal
Peak amplitude
of triangle wave
POWER ELECTRONICS
Multiple Pulse-Width Modulation
In multiple-pulse modulation, all pulses are
the same width
Vary the pulse width according to the
amplitude of a sine wave evaluated at the
center of the same pulse
POWER ELECTRONICS
Generate the gating signal
2 Reference Signals, v
r
, -v
r

POWER ELECTRONICS
Comparing the carrier and reference signals
Generate g
1
signal by comparison with v
r

Generate g
4
signal by comparison with -v
r

POWER ELECTRONICS
Comparing the carrier and reference signals
POWER ELECTRONICS
Potential problem if Q
1
and Q
4
try to turn ON
at the same time!
POWER ELECTRONICS
If we prevent the problem
Output voltage is low when g
1
and g
4
are
both high
POWER ELECTRONICS
This composite signal is difficult to generate
POWER ELECTRONICS
Generate the same gate pulses with one
sine wave
POWER ELECTRONICS
Alternate scheme
POWER ELECTRONICS
rms output voltage
Depends on the modulation index, M

2
1
p
m
o S S
m
p
V V V
o o
t t
=
=
Where
m
is the width of the mth pulse
POWER ELECTRONICS
Fourier coefficients of the output voltage
( ) ( )
2
1
4 3
sin sin sin
4 4 4
1, 3, 5, ..
p
S m m m
n m m
m
V n
B n n
n
n
o o o
o t o
t
=

(
= + + +
(

=
POWER ELECTRONICS
Harmonic Profile
POWER ELECTRONICS
Compare with multiple-pulse case for p=5
Distortion Factor is considerably less
POWER ELECTRONICS
Series-Resonant Inverter
POWER ELECTRONICS
Operation
T
1
fired, resonant pulse of current
flows through the load. The current
falls to zero at t = t
1m
and T
1
is self
commutated.
T
2
fired, reverse resonant current
flows through the load and T
2
is also
self-commutated.
The series resonant circuit must be
underdamped,
R
2
< (4L/C)
POWER ELECTRONICS
Operation in Mode 1 Fire T
1

1
1 1
1
1
(0)
(0) 0
(0)
C S
C C
di
L Ri i dt v V
dt C
i
v V
+ + + =
=
=
}
POWER ELECTRONICS
2
1 1
1
2
2
2
1
1
0
1
( ) sin
1
4
( ) sin
2
R
t
L
r
r
s c
t r
t
s c
r
r
i t Ae t
R
LC L
V V di
A
dt L
V V
i t e t
L
R
L
o
e
e
e
e
e
o

=
| |
=
|
\ .
+
= =
+
=
=
POWER ELECTRONICS
To find the time when the current is
maximum, set the first derivative = 0
( )
1
1
1
0
sin cos 0
.....
tan
tan
1
tan
2
t t
s c
r r r
r
r
r m
r m
r m
r
m
r
di
dt
V V
e t e t
L
t
t
t
t
o o
o e e e
e
e
e
o
e
e
o
e
e

=
| |
+
+ =
|
\ .
=
=
=
POWER ELECTRONICS
To find the capacitor voltage, integrate the
current
( )
( )
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1 1
1
( ) ( )
1
( ) sin
...
( ) ( ) ( sin cos ) /
0 ( )
( )
r
t
C c
t
t
s c
C r C
r
t
C s C r r r r s
m
r
C m C s C s
v t i t dt V
C
V V
v t e t dt V
C L
v t V V e t t V
t t
v t V V V e V
o
o
ot
e
e
e
o e e e e
t
e

=
| |
+
=
|
\ .
= + + +
s s
= = + +
}
}
The current i
1
becomes = 0 @ t=t
1m

POWER ELECTRONICS
POWER ELECTRONICS
Operation in Mode 2 T
1
, T
2
Both OFF
2 1
2 2 1
2
2
( ) 0
( )
( )
m
C C
C C C
i t
v t V
v t V V
=
=
= =
POWER ELECTRONICS
t
2m

POWER ELECTRONICS
Operation in Mode 3 Fire T
2

3
3 2 1
3
3 3
3
1
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0)
C
C C C
di
L Ri i dt v
dt C
i
v V V
+ + + =
=
= =
}
POWER ELECTRONICS
1
3 1
1
3
3
3
0
3
( ) sin
1
( )
( sin cos )
( )
0 ( )
m
C
t
r
r
t
C C
t
C r r r
C
r
r
V
i t e t
L
v t i dt V
C
V e t t
v t
t t
o
o
e
e
o e e e
e
t
e

=
=
+
=
s s
}
POWER ELECTRONICS
3 3 1
1 1
1
1
3
1
( )
( ) ( )
.
.
1
1
1
r
m
r
m
C C C C
C C S C S
C S
z
z
C S
z
C S C
v t V V V e
v t V V V e V
V V
e
e
V V
e
V V V
t
o
e
t
o
e

= = =
= = + +
=

+ =
POWER ELECTRONICS
Space Vector Diagram
o
1
V
r
0
V
r
3
V
r
2
V
r
4
V
r
5
V
r
6
V
r
| j
POO
PPO OPO
OPP
OOP POP
ref
V
r
u
OOO PPP
SECTOR I SECTOR III
SECTOR IV SECTOR VI
SECTOR V
SECTOR
II
e
Active vectors: to
(stationary, not rotating)
Zero vector:
1
V
r
6
V
r
0
V
r
Six sectors: I to VI
Space Vector Modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
Space Vectors
Three-phase voltages
0 ) ( ) ( ) ( = + + t v t v t v
CO BO AO
Two-phase voltages
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(

) (
) (
) (
3
4
sin
3
2
sin 0 sin
3
4
cos
3
2
cos 0 cos
3
2
) (
) (
t v
t v
t v
t v
t v
CO
BO
AO
t t
t t
|
o
Space vector representation
) ( ) ( ) ( t v j t v t V
| o
+ =
r
(2) (3)
| |
3 / 4 3 / 2 0
) ( ) ( ) (
3
2
) (
t t j
CO
j
BO
j
AO
e t v e t v e t v t V + + =
r
where x j x e
jx
sin cos + =
(3)
(1)
(2)
(4)
Space Vector Modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
Space Vectors (Example)
Switching state [POO] S
1
, S
6
and S
2
ON
d BO d AO
V t v V t v
3
1
) ( ,
3
2
) ( = =
d CO
V t v
3
1
) ( =
and
(5) (4)
(7)
(5)
(6)
0
1
3
2
j
d
e V V =
r
Similarly,
3
) 1 (
3
2
t

=
k j
d k
e V V
r
. 6 ..., , 2 , 1 = k
o
1
V
r
0
V
r
3
V
r
2
V
r
4
V
r
5
V
r
6
V
r
| j
POO
PPO OPO
OPP
OOP POP
ref
V
r
u
OOO PPP
SECTOR I SECTOR III
SECTOR IV SECTOR VI
SECTOR V
SECTOR
II
e
Space Vector Modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
Active and Zero Vectors
Space Vector
Switching State
(Three Phases)
On-state Switch
Vector
Definition
[PPP]
5 3 1
, , S S S
Zero
Vector
0
V
r

[OOO]
2 6 4
, , S S S
0
0
= V
r

1
V
r
[POO]
2 6 1
, , S S S
0
1
3
2
j
d
e V V =
r

2
V
r
[PPO]
2 3 1
, , S S S
3
2
3
2
t
=
j
d
e V V
r

3
V
r
[OPO]
2 3 4
, , S S S
3
2
3
3
2
t
=
j
d
e V V
r

4
V
r
[OPP]
5 3 4
, , S S S
3
3
4
3
2
t
=
j
d
e V V
r

5
V
r
[OOP]
5 6 4
, , S S S
3
4
5
3
2
t
=
j
d
e V V
r

Active
Vector
6
V
r
[POP]
5 6 1
, , S S S
3
5
6
3
2
t
=
j
d
e V V
r


Active Vector: 6

Zero Vector: 1
Redundant switching
states: [PPP] and [OOO]
1
S
2
S
3
S
5
S
4
S
6
S
B
C
P
N
d
V
A
Space Vector Modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
(8)
Reference Vector V
ref
Definition
o
1
V
r
0
V
r
3
V
r
2
V
r
4
V
r
5
V
r
6
V
r
| j
POO
PPO OPO
OPP
OOP POP
ref
V
r
u
OOO PPP
SECTOR I SECTOR III
SECTOR IV SECTOR VI
SECTOR V
SECTOR
II
e

Angular displacement
}
=
t
dt t
0
) ( e u
(9)
u j
ref ref
e V V =
r
Rotating in space at
Space Vector Modulation
f t e 2 =
POWER ELECTRONICS
Relationship Between V
ref
and V
AB
V
ref
is approximated by two active
and a zero vectors

V
ref
rotates one revolution,
V
AB
completes one cycle

Length of V
ref
corresponds to
magnitude of V
AB
1
V
r
2
V
r
ref
V
r
u
1
V
T
T
s
a
r
2
V
T
T
s
b
r
SECTOR I
Q
Space Vector Modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
Dwell Time Calculation

Volt-Second Balancing

+ + =
+ + =
0
0 0 2 1
T T T T
T V T V T V T V
b a s
b a s ref
r r r r
(10)
T
a
, T
b
and T
0
dwell times for and
,
2 1
V V
r r
0
V
r
T
s
sampling period
Space vectors
d
j
ref ref
V V e V V
3
2
,
1
= =
r r
u
3
2
3
2
t
j
d
e V V =
r
0
0
= V
r
, and
(11) (10)

=
+ =
b d s ref
b d a d s ref
T V T V
T V T V T V
3
1
) (sin
3
1
3
2
) (cos
u
u
: Im
: Re
(11)
(12)
1
V
r
2
V
r
ref
V
r
u
1
V
T
T
s
a
r
2
V
T
T
s
b
r
SECTOR I
Q
Space Vector Modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
Dwell Times

Solve (12)

=
=
=
b a s
d
ref s
b
d
ref s
a
T T T T
V
V T
T
V
V T
T
0
sin
3
)
3
( sin
3
u
u
t
3 / 0 t u < s
(13)
Space Vector Modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
V
ref
Location versus Dwell Times

ref
V
r
Location 0 = u

6
0
t
u < <
6
t
u =
3 6
t
u
t
< <
3
t
u =
Dwell Times
0
0
=
>
b
a
T
T
b a
T T >
b a
T T =
b a
T T <

0
0
>
=
b
a
T
T


1
V
r
2
V
r
ref
V
r
u
1
V
T
T
s
a
r
2
V
T
T
s
b
r
SECTOR I
Q
Space Vector Modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
Modulation Index

=
=
=
c b s
a s b
a s a
T T T T
m T T
m T T
0
sin
)
3
( sin
u
u
t
(15)
d
ref
a
V
V
m
3
=
(16)
Space Vector Modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
Modulation Range
V
ref,max
3 2
3
3
2
max ,
d
d ref
V
V V = = (17)
o
1
V
r
0
V
r
3
V
r
2
V
r
4
V
r
5
V
r
6
V
r
| j
POO
PPO OPO
OPP
OOP POP
ref
V
r
u
OOO PPP
SECTOR I SECTOR III
SECTOR IV SECTOR VI
SECTOR V
SECTOR
II
e
(17) (16)
m
a,max
= 1

Modulation range: 0 s m
a
s 1
(18)
Space Vector Modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
Switching Sequence Design
Basic Requirement:

Minimize the number of switchings per
sampling period T
s
Implementation:

Transition from one switching state to
the next involves only two switches in
the same inverter leg.

Space Vector Modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
Seven-segment Switching Sequence
d
V
2
0
T
2
a
T
2
b
T
2
a
T
BN
v
AN
v
CN
v
0
1
V
r
1
V
r
2
V
r
0
V
r
2
V
r
POO OOO PPO PPP PPO POO OOO
d
V
d
V
4
0
T
4
0
T
2
b
T
s
T
0
0
0
V
r
0
V
r
Total number of switchings: 6
Selected vectors:
V
0
, V
1
and V
2

Dwell times:
T
s
= T
0
+ T
a
+ T
b
Space Vector Modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
Undesirable Switching Sequence
Vectors V
1
and V
2
swapped
d
V
2
0
T
2
a
T
2
b
T
2
a
T
BN
v
AN
v
CN
v
0
1
V
r
1
V
r
2
V
r
2
V
r
POO
OOO
PPO PPP PPO POO OOO
d
V
d
V
4
0
T
4
0
T
2
b
T
s
T
0
0
0
V
r
0
V
r
0
V
r
Total number of switchings: 10
Space Vector Modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
Switching Sequence Summary (7segments)
Sector Switching Sequence
0
V
r

1
V
r

2
V
r

0
V
r

2
V
r

1
V
r

0
V
r

I
OOO POO PPO PPP PPO POO OOO
0
V
r

3
V
r

2
V
r

0
V
r

2
V
r

3
V
r

0
V
r

II
OOO OPO PPO PPP PPO OPO OOO
0
V
r
3
V
r
4
V
r
0
V
r
4
V
r
3
V
r
0
V
r

III
OOO OPO OPP PPP OPP OPO OOO
0
V
r
5
V
r
4
V
r
0
V
r
4
V
r
5
V
r
0
V
r

IV
OOO OOP OPP PPP OPP OOP OOO
0
V
r
5
V
r
6
V
r
0
V
r
6
V
r
5
V
r
0
V
r

V
OOO OOP POP PPP POP OOP OOO
0
V
r

1
V
r

6
V
r

0
V
r

6
V
r

1
V
r

0
V
r

VI
OOO POO POP PPP POP POO OOO

Note: The switching sequences for the odd and ever sectors are different.
Space Vector Modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
Simulated Waveforms
AB
v
AO
v
0
0
0
A
i
d
V
3 / 2
d
V
t t 2 t 3
t t 2 t 3
VI VI
Sector
I
II
III
IV
V
I
II
III
IV
V
f
1
= 60Hz, f
sw
= 900Hz, m
a
= 0.696, T
s
= 1.1ms
Space Vector Modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
Waveforms and FFT
0
0.1
0.2
n
0
0
AB
v
AO
v
A
i
THD =80.2%
THD =80.2%
THD =8.37%
THD =80.2%
d
V
3 / 2
d
V
t 2
d
V V
AB
566 . 0
1
=
1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
d n
V V
AB
/
0
t 2 t t 3
Space Vector Modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
Waveforms and FFT (Measured)
23
AO
v
AB
v
d
n
V
V
AB
0.2
0.1
0
(a) Waveforms 2ms/div (b) Spectrum (500Hz/div)
14
34
10 47
58
THD = 80.3%
8
16
29
43
Space Vector Modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0
0.05
0.10
0.15
10 16 20
d n AB
V V /
a
m
1 = n
2 = n 4 8
14
(a) Even order harmonics
5 7 11 13 17 n = 19
0.05
0.10
0.15
d n AB
V V /
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
a
m
1 = n
(b) Odd order harmonics
0
100
200
300
0
THD
(%)
THD
Waveforms and FFT (Measured)
Hz 60
1
= f
sec 720 / 1 =
s
T
( and )
Space Vector Modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
Even-Order Harmonic Elimination
BN
v
AN
v
CN
v
0
5
V
r
4
V
r
0
V
r
OOP OOO OPP PPP OPP OOP OOO
0
0
0
V
r
0
V
r
AB
v
0
d
V
4
V
r
5
V
r
d
V
d
V
d
V
Type-A sequence
(starts and ends with [OOO])
BN
v
AN
v
CN
v
0
0
0
AB
v
0
d
V
5
V
r
OOP
4
V
r
OPP
d
V
d
V
d
V
4
V
r
OPP
5
V
r
OOP PPP
0
V
r
0
V
r
OOO PPP
0
V
r
Type-B sequence
(starts and ends with [PPP])
Space Vector Modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
Even-Order Harmonic Elimination
1
V
r
3
V
r
2
V
r
4
V
r
5
V
r
6
V
r
SECTOR I SECTOR III
SECTOR IV SECTOR VI
SECTOR V
SECTOR II
a
b
a
a
a
a
a
b
b
b
b
b
Type-A sequence
Type-B sequence
30
30
Space vector Diagram
Space Vector Modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
Even-Order Harmonic Elimination
(a) Waveforms 2ms/div
AO
v
AB
v
0.2
0.1
0
d
n
V
V
AB
(b) Spectrum (500Hz/div)
23
13
47
35
7
17
65
THD = 80.5%
41
5
Measured waveforms and FFT
Space Vector Modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
Even-Order Harmonic Elimination
17
19
13
7
5
11
100
200
300
0
THD
(%)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
a
m
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
d n AB
V V /
1 = n
THD
Hz 60
1
= f
sec 720 / 1 =
s
T
( and )
Space Vector Modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
Five-segment SVM
d
V
2
a
T
b
T
2
a
T
BN
v
AN
v
CN
v
0
1
V
r
1
V
r
2
V
r
0
V
r
POO OOO PPO POO OOO
d
V
s
T
0
0
0
V
r
2
0
T
2
0
T
d
V
a
T
1
V
r
2
V
r
0
V
r
PPP PPO POO PPP
d
V
s
T
0
V
r
2
0
T
2
0
T
(a) Sequence A
2
V
r
PPO
d
V
2
b
T
2
b
T
(b) Sequence B
Space Vector Modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
Switching Sequence ( 5-segment)
Sector Switching Sequence (A)
0
V
r

1
V
r

2
V
r

1
V
r

0
V
r

I
OOO POO PPO POO OOO
0 =
CN
v
0
V
r

3
V
r

2
V
r

3
V
r

0
V
r

I I
OOO OPO PPO OPO OOO
0 =
CN
v

0
V
r

3
V
r

4
V
r

3
V
r

0
V
r

I I I
OOO OPO OPP OPO OOO
0 =
AN
v

0
V
r
5
V
r
4
V
r
5
V
r
0
V
r

I V
OOO OOP OPP OOP OOO
0 =
AN
v

0
V
r
5
V
r
6
V
r
5
V
r
0
V
r

V
OOO OOP POP OOP OOO
0 =
BN
v

0
V
r

1
V
r

6
V
r

1
V
r

0
V
r

VI
OOO POO POP POO OOO
0 =
BN
v


Space Vector Modulation
POWER ELECTRONICS
Simulated Waveforms ( 5-segment)
d
V
t 2 t 4
1 g
v
3 g
v
5 g
v
AB
v
0
0
A
i
3 / 2t
t 2 t 4
t 2 t 4
No switching for a 120 period per cycle.
Low switching frequency but high harmonic distortion
f
1
= 60Hz, f
sw
= 600Hz, m
a
= 0.696, T
s
= 1.1ms
Space Vector Modulation