DATA ANALYSIS (Using SPSS)

for Social Workers

M. MARIA ANTONY RAJ
PhD Scholar (UGC-Junior Research Fellow)
Department of Social Work
Pondicherry University
Email: antony.buddha@gmail.com
Mobile: 9003348980

Scientific method and Logic of reasoning

Induction

Deduction

Quantitative research and Qualitative research

Steps in Research

- Hypothesis

- Research Design
- Sampling Design

- Tool for data collection




Methodological terms

Population
Collection of all individuals or objects or items under study
and denoted by N
Sample - A part of a population and denoted by n

Variable - Characteristic of an individual or object.
- Independent and Dependent variables
- Qualitative and Quantitative variables
Parameter
Characteristic of the population
Statistic
Characteristic of the sample



Hypothesis

A tentative statement which can be put to test Karl Popper

Conditions:
1. Minimum two variables
2. Variables should be definable and measurable
3. Already existing relationship between variables
4. Relationship should be tested through empirically and statistically

Types of Hypothesis

1. Alternative Hypothesis a. One tail b. Two tail

2. Null Hypothesis



Steps in Testing a Hypothesis

1. State the Null hypothesis
2. Select an Appropriate Test Statistic
3. Fix the Level of Significance ()
4. Compute the Test statistic
5. Make Decision regarding Acceptance or Rejection of
Null Hypothesis and in turn Research Hypothesis

Rule of Acceptance or Rejection of Null Hypothesis

P value < 0.05, (CV<TV), Reject Null Hypothesis

P value > 0.05, (CV>TV), Accept Null Hypothesis


Level of measurement

The concepts are operationally defined to measure them.
1. Nominal - classified into different mutually exclusive categories
Ex: Sex, religion
2. Ordinal - lowerness or higherness than other response-Rank order
Ex: Education
3. Interval - values for the variable on an equally spaced continuum,
-difference between 8 and 9 is the same as the difference between 76 and 77.
Ex: IQ, level of awareness
4. Ratio - There is a rationale zero point for the scale, Ratios are equivalent,
Ex: the ratio of 2 to 1 is the same as the ratio of 8 to 4.


Permissible Arithmetic Operations



Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
Counting Greater
than or less
than
operations.
Addition
and
subtraction
of scale
values.
Multiplication
and division of
scale values.
Exercise: Identify the level of measurement for the following variables?
1. Age in Completed Years - 35, 54, 25, 5, 17, etc.
2. Sex - Male , Female
3. Socio-Economic Status - Low, Medium, High
4. Age - Young, Adult, Old
5. Time in Seconds - 5, 43, 52, 14, etc.
6. Size of Village - 400, 500, 431, 651, etc.
7. Religion-Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Jains, Sikhs etc.
8. Marks Obtained by Students - 35% , 48%, 78%, 25%, etc.
9. Days of a Week - Sunday, Tuesday, Saturday, etc.
10. Place of Birth - Rural, Urban, Semi Rural
11. State of Birth-Maharashtra, Bihar,U.P.,Gujarat, etc.
12. Field of Expertise - Science, Commerce, Arts, Engineering, Medicine, etc.
13. Position Held in a Organization-Manager, Supervisor, Driver, Peon, etc.
13 Systolic Blood Pressure - 130, 160, 110, 120, etc.
14. Intelligence Quotients - 65, 75, 89, etc.
15. Education level-Illiterate, Primary, Middle, HSC, etc.
16. Occupation-Agriculture, Labour, Service, Housework, Student, Aged, etc.


Selecting appropriate statistical test


Independent Dependent Statistical test
Association
Nominal/Ordinal

Nominal/Ordinal
Chi-square
Relationship
Interval/Ratio

Interval/Ratio
Correlation
Karl Pearson r
Significance Diff
Nominal/Ordinal
(2 category)

Interval/Ratio

Independent t test
Nominal/Ordinal
(more than 2 cate)
Interval/Ratio

One way ANOVA
Cause and Effect
Interval/Ratio

Interval/Ratio
Regression
Types of Analysis

1. Descriptive
2. Associational
3. Inferential
A. Summarisation of data
1. Frequency distribution
2. Graphical display
3. Measures of location (central tendency)
4. Measures of Dispersion
5. Measures of Skewness & Kurtosis
B. Associational statistics
1. Measures of Association
2. Measures of correlation
3. Measures of Partial and Multiple Correlation(s)



C. Tests of Hypothesis
t-test, ANOVA, Chi Square, Proportion test, Significance of
Correlation(s), Regression coefficients
D. Multivariate Analysis
Regression analysis, Logistic Regression, Factor analysis,
Cluster analysis, Discriminant analysis, Path analysis,
Structural Equation Modelling

Training on SPSS
1. Data Entry
2. Data Cleaning Frequencies, Explore
3. Data Analysis
a. Univariate Analysis
b. Bivariate Analysis
c. Multivariate Analysis

Chi square



Above table shows that P value < 0.05. Hence the Null hypothesis is rejected. So
there is no association between variables.

Correlation








Table shows that P value < 0.05. Hence the Null hypothesis is rejected. So there
is a relationship between age and level of awareness.












Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-
Square
3148.46
5(a)
20 .000
Age Level of awareness
Age Pearson Correlation 1 -.398(**)
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 6427 6427
Level of awareness Pearson Correlation -.398(**) 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 6427 6427


ANOVA








Table shows that P value < 0.05. Hence the Null hypothesis is rejected. So
there is a significant difference between Hindu, Christian and Muslim regarding
their their level of awareness.
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between
Groups
6926.607 3 2308.869 640.113 .000
Within Groups 23167.568 6423 3.607
Total 30094.175 6426

T Test









Table shows that P value > 0.05. Hence the Null hypothesis is Accepted. So there
is no significant difference between male and female regarding their level of awareness.


Note: In the Levene's Test for Equality of Variances - sig value or P value > 0.05 then
Equal variances assumed, if P value > 0.05 then Equal variances not assumed.









Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig.
(2-
tailed)
Mean
Differe
nce
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence Interval of
the Difference

Lower Upper

Resilience
Equal variances
assumed
.174 .678 -.575 59 .567 -1.828 3.179 -8.189 4.533
Equal variances not
assumed

-.621 46.292 .537 -1.828 2.942 -7.750 4.094
References

1. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS by Andy Field

2. Statistics for Social Workers by Robert and Richard

THANK YOU