FLUID DYNAMICS

- Study of fluids(liquid and gas) in motion and its cause.

Kinds of Fluid Flow:
1. Steady Flow if the overall flow
pattern does not change in
time.
2. Laminar Flow adjacent layers
of fluid slide smoothly past
each other and the flow is
steady.
3. Turbulent Flow abrupt change
in velocity, irregular and
chaotic flow caused by high
flow rates.
CONTINUITY PRINCIPLE
dm
1

dm
2

2 1
dm dm
from
;
dV
dm
dV dm
2 2 1 1
ds A ds A
ds
1
=v
1
dt
ds
2
=v
2
dt
dt v A dt v A
2 2 1 1

If density change from one
point to another;
2 2 2 1 1 1
v A v A
2 2 1 1
Q Q
1
2
1
2
Q

Q
Av Rate of flow, Q (m
3
/s)
CONTINUITY PRINCIPLE
dm
1

dm
2

ds
1
=v
1
dt
ds
2
=v
2
dt
If density does not change
from one point to another;
2 2 1 1
v A v A
2 1
Q Q
2 2 1 1
Q Q
BERNOULLIS EQUATION
Conservation of Energy:
dK dU dW
ds
1

ds
2

F
2
= P
2
A
2

F
1
= P
1
A
1

2 2 2 1 1 1
ds A P ds A P

1 1 2 2
gy m gy m
2
1 1
2
2 2
2
1
2
1
v m v m
V Ads

but
V m ;
V
m

From Continuity Principle:
2 1
m m
2 1
V V
BERNOULLIS EQUATION
ds
1

ds
2

F
2
= P
2
A
2

F
1
= P
1
A
1


2 2 1 1
V P V P

1 1 2 2
gy V gy V
2
1 1
2
2 2
2
1
2
1
v V v V

2
1
2
2 1 2 2 1
2
1
v v y y g P P
Pressure Difference:
2
2 2 2
2
1 1 1
2
1
2
1
v gy P v gy P
Bernoullis Equation:
TORRICELLIS THEOREM
y
1

y
2

h =y
2
y
1

2
2 2 2
2
1 1 1
2
1
2
1
v gy P v gy P
Bernoullis Equation:
a
P P
1 a
P P
2
Since both the tank and the hole
are exposed to air;
Continuity Principle:
2 2 1 1
v A v A
Since A
2
is too large compared
to A
1
;
1
2
1
2
v
A
A
v
0
2
1

A
A
0
TORRICELLIS THEOREM
y
1

y
2

h =y
2
y
1

0
2
1
2
2
1 1
gy P v gy P
a a
Bernoullis Equation:

1 2
2
1
2
1
y y g v
gh v 2
1

At one point in a pipeline the waters speed is 3.00 m/s and
the gauge pressure is 5 x 10
4
Pa. Find the gauge pressure at
the second point in the line, 11.0 m lower than the first, if
the pipe diameter at the second point is twice that at the
first.
Example 1
Water flows form an open tank as shown. The elevation of
point 1 is 10.0 m, and the elevation of points 2 and 3 is
2.00 m. The cross-sectional area of point 2 is 0.0480 m
2
; at
point 3 it is 0.0160 m
2
. The area of the tank is very large
compared with the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
Assuming Bernoullis equation applies, compute (a) the
discharge rate in cubic meter per second; and (b) the gauge
pressure at point 2.
Example 2
BERNOULLIS EQUATION
The horizontal pipe shown has a cross-sectional area of
40.0 cm
2
at the wider portions and 10.0 cm
2
at the
constriction. Water is flowing in the pipe, and the discharge
from the pipe is 6.00 x 10
-3
m
3
/s (6.00 L/s). Find (a) the flow
speeds at the wide and the narrow portions; (b) the pressure
difference between these portions; (c) the difference in
height between the mercury columns in the U-shaped tube.
Example 3
BERNOULLIS EQUATION