Kinematics in Two-Dimensions

1. Vectors
1.1. Vector Addition/Subtraction
1.2. Vector Multiplication:
 Cross Product
• Dot Product

2. Motion in 2-Dimensions
• Projectiles, maximum height, time, range
3. Relative velocity

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 1

 Lesson Objectives
Students should be able to:
1. define the components of displacement, velocity and
acceleration in both dimensions
2. define projectile motion
3. derive the projectile equations of motion
4. apply the projectile equations of motion to determine the
maximum height and range and the total time of motion
5. define the relative velocity

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 2

 Vectors

• A vector quantity is any quantity with

magnitude and direction.

• Displacement, velocity, acceleration,

momentum and force are examples of vector
quantities.

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 3

 Let’s say you have 2 vectors a & b

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 4

 Adding Vectors
Triangle Method
a b
a
a+b

Parallelogram Method a+b

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 5

 Subtracting Vectors

-b
a - b = a + (-b)

a b

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 6

 Adding Vectors
Method 3: Resolving the vectors

2 2
a ax  ay
a ay
ay = a sin  θ  tan 1
ax

ax = a cos 

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 7

 Adding Vectors
Method 3: Resolving the vectors
ax = a cos a c=a+b c x = a x + bx
ay = a sin a c y = a y + by

bx = b cos b 2 2
c cx  c y
by = b sin b
1
cy
 c  tan
cx

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 8

 a
ay by
ay

ax cy c=a+b
bx ax bx
cx
by
b

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 9

 Vector Multiplication
There are two type of vector multiplication:-
• dot multiplication scalar

and

× cross multiplication vector

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 10

 a

b

Dot multiplication: a  b = ab cos 

Scalar quantity

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 11

Special cases:
Case 1: a
 = 0o b

a  b = a b cos 0 = a b

Case 2:
 = 90o a
b

a  b = a b cos 90 = 0

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 12

 a

b

Cross multiplication: a  b = ab sin 

Vector quantity

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 13

Special cases:
Case 1: a
 = 0o b

a  b = a b sin 0 = 0

Case 2:
 = 90o a
b

a  b = a b sin 90 = a b

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 14

 y

ii=1 ij=0
ay
jj=1 jk=0
j a ax kk=1 ki=0
i
x
k
az ij=k ii=0
z jk=i jj=0
ki=j kk=0
a = ax i + ay j + az k

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 15

 Displacement, velocity and acceleration
Displacement
r  r  r0
Average velocity
r  r0 r
v av  
t  t 0 t
Instantaneous velocity
r dr
v  lim 
t  0 t dt

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 16

 Vector components of v are vx and vy
v x  v cos , and v y  v sin 
Average acceleration
v  v 0 v
a av  
t  t0 t
Instantaneous acceleration
v dv
a  lim 
t  0 t dt

 The acceleration has a vector components ax and ay in x an y-directions.

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 17

 Example
A spacecraft has initial velocity component of
v0x=+22m/s and acceleration component ax=+24m/s2.
In the y-direction it has v0y=+14m/s and ay=+12m/s2.
The direction to the right and upward have been chosen
as positive directions. Find (a) x and vx, (b) y and vy
and (c) the final velocity (magnitude and direction) of
the spacecraft at time t = 7.0 s.

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 18

The spacecraft motion is two–dimensional motion

X-part of the motion is independent of the y-part. Similarly

the y-part is independent of x-part of the motion.

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 19

 Solution v0x=+22m/s

v0y=+14m/s
ax=+24m/s2

ay=+12m/s2
a) x and vx

v x  v 0 x  a x t  22 m / s  24m / s  7.0s  190 m/s

b) y and vy

v y  v 0 y  a y t  14m / s  12m / s 7s   98 m/s

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 20

The magnitude and the direction of spacecraft are

v  v 2x  v 2y  ( 190m / s )2  ( 98m / s )2  210m / s

vy  98 
tan   or   tan  -1
  27
vx  190 

+x

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 21

 Projectile Motion
• Projectile motion is a motion of object in the 2-D plane
under the influence of gravity, as shown in Fig. 2.
• To analyze a projectile motion we need to consider the
components of the motion in the x- and y- directions
separately.
• We note that the x-component of the acceleration is zero
(ax= 0), and the y-component is constant and equal to – g or
g, (ay= g), depending on whether we take upwards to be the
+ve y-direction or –ve y-direction, respectively.

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 22

Fig. 2: The trajectory of a body projected with an initial velocity vo at an angle  above the
horizontal. The distance R is the horizontal range, and h is the maximum height to which
the particle rises.
vx= vox
y
vy= 0
vy
vx
h
vo
vy= voy
 vx
x
O vx= vox
R
v 0 x  v 0 cos  and v 0 y  v 0 sin  vy= - voy

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 23

 Projectile Motion
In projectile motion we can express all the vector
relationships in terms of separate equations for the
horizontal and vertical components. The components of
the acceleration are:

ax = 0 and ay = - g

Therefore we can still directly use the previous

equations of motion with constant acceleration.

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 24

The components of initial velocity, v0 are
v0 x  v0 cos θ and v0 y  v0 sin θ

x-direction y-direction

Acceleration ax = 0 ay = -g

Velocity v x  v0 x v y  v0 y  gt
1 2
Displacement x  v0 x t y  v0 y t  gt
2

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 25

 Projectile Motion
• Using the information given in the table above and the
equations of motion, you can solve any problem dealing
with motion in a plane, provided you make an assumption
that there is no air resistance.

• And always remember that there is no acceleration in the

x-direction.

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 26

 Time taken for a projectile to reach the
maximum height.

• The maximum height occurs when vy is equals to zero.

• You can see that the object in the projectile changed its
direction from going upwards to coming downwards.
• That clearly indicates that it reached a point whereby the
vertical velocity was zero.
• But the horizontal velocity remained constant.

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 27

Velocity Vectors for a Projectile Launched at the Origin

v
v
h

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 28

 Projectile Motion
• Maximum height when vy=0
• The equation to be used is

2
vy  2
v0y  2g y  and vy=0

Thus, 2
v0y 2
v0 sin 2
y  h  
2g 2g

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 29

 Projectile Motion
• Time taken to reach maximum height, when vy=0,
• The equation to be used is
v y  v 0 y  gt and vy=0

v 0 y  gt
v 0 y v 0 sin 
t 
g g
EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 30
 Projectile Total Flight time
• The time taken to reach the maximum height is
the same as the time taken to reach the ground
after achieving the maximum height.
• The total flight time will be 2t.

2 v 0 sin 
T  2t 
g

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 31

 NOTE

• You are advised not to memorize the general

equations above. Instead you must train
yourself to derive the equations to be used
whenever it is necessary.

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 32

 Example 1
A handball is thrown with an initial vertical velocity
component of 18.0 m/s and a horizontal velocity component of
25.0 m/s.
(a) How much time is required for the handball to reach the
highest point of the trajectory?
(b) How high is this point?
(c) How much time (after being thrown) is required for the
handball to return to its original level? How does this compare
with the time calculated in part (a)?
(d)   How far has it traveled horizontally during this time?

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 33

 Solution to Example 1
a) The time required to reach the maximum height is obtained from
0  v0 y 0  18 m/s
v y  v0 y  gt  0 , Thus, t   2
 1. 8 s
g  9.81 m/s
2 2
b) At max height, vy = 0, v  v0 y  2 gy  0 ,
0  v0 y 0 - (18 m/s)2
Thus y    16.5 m
 2g - 2  9.81 m/s 2

c) The time taken to reach its original level y=0,

1 2 2 18
y  0  v0 y t  gt  18t  5t Thus t   3.6 s
2 5
(which is twice with that calculated in (a).
d) It traveled horizontally during this time a distance of
R  x  v0 x t  25 m/s  3.6 s  90 m.

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 34

 Projectile Range
• Range, R, is actually x-displacement just as the maximum
height is the vertical displacement.
• The equation used for calculating the range is
x  x  x 0  R  v 0 x t
• Range R, here represents the maximum horizontal
displacement, the time will be the total flight time 2t.
 2 v 0 sin   v 02 sin 2
R   v 0 cos   
 
 
 g  g
• Using the trigonometric identity sin 2  2 sin  cos 

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 35

 Which launch angle, 30, 45 and 60 gives
greatest range?
• This equation shows R varies with angle as sin2.
2
v0
R sin 2
g
• Thus R is largest when sin 2 is largest, that is when
sin 2=1.
• Since sin 90 = 1, its follows that 2 = 90 , thus  =45
gives the maximum range. 2
v0
R max 
g
EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 36
 Projectile Motion
The distance r of the projectile from the origin at any time (the
magnitude of the position vector r) is given by:
2 2
r x y
The projectiles speed at any time is v  v 2x  v 2y
vy
The direction of the velocity is given by tan  
vx
The velocity vector v is tangent to the trajectory at each point.

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 37

 Conceptual Question
• A wrench is accidentally dropped from the top of
the mast on a sailboat. Will the wrench hit at the
same place on the deck whether the sailboat is at
the rest or moving with a constant velocity?
Justify your answer.

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 38

 REASONING AND SOLUTION
• The wrench will hit at the same place on the deck of the ship
regardless of whether the sailboat is at rest or moving with a
constant velocity.
• If the sailboat is at rest, the wrench will fall straight down
hitting the deck at some point P.
• If the sailboat is moving with a constant velocity, the motion
of the wrench will be two dimensions. However, the
horizontal component of the velocity of the wrench will be the
same as the velocity of the sailboat.
• Therefore, the wrench will always remain above the same
point P as it is falling.

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 39

 Discussion
• Suppose you are driving in convertible with the top
down. The car is moving to the right at a constant
velocity. You point a gun straight upward and fire it. In
the absence of air resistance, where would the bullet
land- behind you, ahead of you, or in the barrel of the
gun?

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 40

 Conceptual Question
• A stone is thrown horizontally from the top of a cliff
and eventually hits the ground below. A second
stone is dropped from rest from the same cliff, falls
through the same height, and also hits the ground
below. Ignore air resistance. Discuss whether each of
the following quantities is different or the same in
the two cases; if there is difference, describe the
difference: (a) displacement, (b) speed just before
impact with the ground and (c ) time of flight.

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 41

 REASONING AND SOLUTION
a) The displacement is greater for the stone that is thrown
horizontally, because it has the same vertical component as the
dropped stone and, in addition, has a horizontal component.
b) The impact speed is greater for the stone that is thrown
horizontally. The reason is that it has the same vertical
velocity component as the dropped stone but, in addition, also
has a horizontal component that equals the throwing velocity.
c) The time of flight is the same in each case, because the vertical
part of the motion for each stone is the same. That is, each
stone has an initial vertical velocity component of zero and
falls through the same height.

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 42

Conceptual Example

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 43

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 44
The package falling from the plane is a projectile motion

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 45

 Relative Velocity
• Relative velocity is the velocity of an object relative to the
observer who is making the measurement.
• The velocity of object A relative to object B is written vAB,
and velocity of object B relative to C is written as vBC. The
velocity of A relative C is (note the ordering of subscript)

V AC  V AB  V BC
• While the velocity of object A relative to object B is vAB, the
velocity of B relative A is vBA=- vAB

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 46

VPG  VPT  VTG Vector sum of the two- velocity-vectors.

VPT= velocity of the Passenger relative to the Train.

VTG= velocity of the Train relative to the Ground.
VPG= velocity of the Passenger relative to the Ground.

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 47

 Relative Velocity
V PG  V PT  VTG
• VPT= velocity of the Passenger relative to the Train.

• VTG= velocity of the Train relative to the Ground.

• VPG= velocity of the Passenger relative to the Ground.

• Each velocity symbol contains two-letter subscript, the 1st for
the moving body, the 2nd indicates the objective relative to it
the velocity is measured.

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 48

 Example 1
• On a pleasure cruise a boat is traveling to the water at a
speed of 5.0 m/s due south. Relative to the boat, a
passenger walks toward the back of the boat at a speed
of 1.5 m/s. (a) What is the magnitude and direction of the
passenger’s velocity relative to the water? (b) How long
does it take for the passenger to walk a distance of 27 m
on the boat? (c) How long does it take for the passenger
to cover a distance of 27 m on the water?

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 49

 REASONING
• The time it takes for the passenger to walk the distance on the
boat is the distance divided by the passenger’s speed vPB
relative to the boat.
• The time it takes for the passenger to cover the distance on the
water is the distance divided by the passenger’s speed vPW
relative to the water.
• The passenger’s velocity relative to the boat is given.
However, we need to determine the passenger’s velocity
relative to the water.

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 50

 ANSWERS
a) passenger’s velocity relative to the water, vpw
vPW  vPB  v BW
 1.5 m/s, north  5.0m/s, south  3.5 m/s, south
b) The time it takes for the passenger to walk a distance of 27 m
on the boat is 27 m 27 m
t   18 s
v PB 1.5 m/s
c) The time it takes for the passenger to cover a distance of 27 m
on the water is
27 m 27 m
t   7.7 s
vPW 3.5 m/s

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 51

 Example 2
• The engine of a boat drives it across a river that is
1800 m wide. The velocity vBW of the boat relative to
the water is 4.0 m/s, directed perpendicular to the
current, as shown in the Fig. The velocity vws of the
water relative to the shore is 2.0 m/s. a) What is the
velocity vBS of the boat relative to the shore? b) How
long does it take for the boat to cross the river?

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 52

 v BS  v Bw  vWS
v BS sin   v BW  4.0 m/s

v BS cos  vWS  2.0 m/s

4.0
tan   , Thus   tan -1 2  63
2.0

a) v BS  v 2
Bw v 2
WS   4.0 m/s 2
  2.0 m/s  4.5 m/s
2

Width 1800 m
b) time    450 s
v BS sin  4.0 m/s
EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 53
 Summary
The components of initial velocity, v0 are
v0 x  v0 cos θ and v0 y  v0 sin θ

X-Direction Y-Direction

Acceleration ax = 0 ay = -g

Velocity v x  v0 x v y  v0 y  gt
1 2
Displacement x  v0 x t y  v0 y t  gt
2

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 54

  r0
r  r  r0

r
r +(  r0 )

r0

EPF0014 PHYSICS I 02/11/21 19:15 55