DAMS

It is used to store water for future purposes

It is also used to produce hydro electric power from
stored water
TYPES OF DAMS
The dams are classified into two categories:
By Usage
By Materials
By Usage
By usage the dams are classified into:
Arch dams
Gravtiy dams
Arch-Gravity dams
Barrage dams
Embankment dams
By Materials
By materials used for construction,the dams are
classsified as:
Steel dam
Timber dam

ARCH DAM
Gordan dam,Tasmania dam are the examples for arch
dam.
In arch dam,stability is obtained by a
combination of arch and gravity action.
If the upstream face is vertically the entire weight
of the dam must be carried to the foundation by gravity.
When the upstream face is sloped the
distribution is more complicated,

Contd,
There are two types of single arch dams in use namely
Constant angle and
Constant radius dam.
Constant radius type:-
This type employs the same face radius at all elevation of
the dam,which means the channel grow narrow towards
the bottom of the dam.EX:jones falls dam
Contd..,
Consant angle dam:-
In a constant angle dam,the angle is kept a constant
and the variation in distance between the abutment at
various levels are taken care of varying the radii.
EX:parker dam
Contd..,
The Multiple arch dam consists of a number of
single arch dam with concrete buttresses as the
supporting abutements
Gravity dams
The force that holds the dam in place against the
push from the water is earths gravity pulling down on
the mass of the dam.
The designer tries to shape the dam so if one were to
consider the part of dam above any particularheight
to be a whole dam itself.,that dam that also would be
held in place by gravity.
contd..,
More that the shape that prevents tension in the
upstream face also eliminates balancing compression
stress in the downstream face,providing aditional
economy.
These dams are classified into hollow and solid dams
and these dams are made either of concrete or
masonry.


Examples for solid and hollow dams are grand
coulee and raddock locks and dams
ARCH-GRAVITY DAMS
Hoover dam is an example of these dams
A gravitydam can be combined with an arch dam
into an arch gravity dam for areas with massive
amount of water flow but less material available for a
purely gravity dam.
The inward comp. of the dam by the water reduces
the lateral force acting on the dam.

Contd..,
The gravitation force required by dam is lessened,the
dam does not need to be so massive.
BARRAGE DAM
It is a special kind of dam which consists of line of
large gate can be opened r closed to control the amt
of water passing the dam.
It is used to control and stabilize the water flow for
irrigation systems.
EMBANKMENT DAMS
These dams are made from compacted earth and
have two materials:
Rock fill dams and
Earth dams
It rely on their weight to hold back the force of
water like gravity dams made from concrete.
Rock fill dams
The embankments of compacted free draining
granular earth with an impervious zone.
The impervious zone may be on the upstream face
and made of masonry,concrete,plastic
membrane,steel sheet piles,timber and other material.
To prevent internal erosion of clay into rockfilldue
to seepage forces the core is seperated using a
filter.EX:Newmelones dam
Earth fill dams
These are constructed as a simple embankment of
wall compacted earth.
A homogeneous rolled earth dam is entirely
constructed one type of material but may contain a
drainlayer to collect seep water.
An interersting type of temp.earth dam occasionally
used in hgh latitudes.
Ex:Tarbela dam in pakistan.
BY MATERIAL
Under this type,The dams are classified into:
Steel dams
timber dams
STEEL DAMS
A steel dam is a type of dam briefly explained with in
around the start of 20
th
century.
It uses steel plating and load bearing beams as the
structure.
Intended as permanent structures,steel dams were an
experimented to determine if a const. technique
should be devised that cheaper than any other type
of dams.
TIMBER DAM
It is widely used in early part of industrial revolution and
in frontier areas due to ease and speed of construction.
Two common types are crib and plank.
Timber crib were erected of heavy timbers in the manner
of a log house and the interior field with earth.
The heavy crib structure supported the dams and weight
of water.
Contd..,
Timber plank were more elegant structures that
employed a variety of constant materials utilizing
heavy timbers to support a water retaining
arrangement of planks.
ADVANTAGES OF DAMS
Electricity is produced at a constant rate.
It is used for irrigation purposes.
Electricity produced by dam systems do not produce
green house gases.
DISADVANTAGES OF DAMS
Highly expensive to build.
The flooding of large area of land means that the
natural environment is destroyed
People migrate from their native to newplace.