Atoms

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

TOPIC
Evolution of the Different Atomic Theories
Structure of Atom and Properties of Atom
The Quantum Numbers
The Electron Configuration of Atoms
Evolution of Different
Atomic Theories
The History of the Discovery of the Atom
The Greek Model of the Atom
Daltons Atomic Theory
Thomson Model
Rutherford Model
Bohr Model
Modern Atomic Theory
The Greek Model of the Atom
Beginning with Democritus, who lived during
the late 5th and early 4th centuries BC,
Greek philosophers developed a theory of
matter that was not based on experimental
evidence, but on their attempts to
understand the universe in philosophical
terms.

The Greek Model of the Atom
According to this theory, all matter was
composed of tiny, indivisible particles
called atoms (from the Greek word
atomos, meaning indivisible).
The Greek Model of the Atom
According to the ancient Greeks, atoms
were all made of the same basic material,
but atoms of different elements had
different sizes and shapes

The Greek Model of the Atom
The sizes, shapes, and arrangements of a
materials atoms determined the materials
properties.

The Greek Model of the Atom
Other than the atoms, matter was empty
space. Atoms and empty space were
believed to be the ultimate reality.

Daltons Atomic Theory
Late 1700s - John Dalton-England
Teacher- summarized results of his
experiments and those of others.

Daltons Atomic Theory
Combined ideas of elements with that of
atoms.

Daltons Atomic Theory
All matter is made of tiny indivisible
particles called atoms.

Atoms of the same element are
identical, those of different atoms are
different.

Daltons Atomic Theory
Atoms of different elements combine in
whole number ratios to form
compounds.

Chemical reactions involve the
rearrangement of atoms. No new atoms
are created or destroyed.

Just How Small an Atom
Think of cutting a piece of lead into smaller and
smaller pieces
How far can it be cut?
An atom is the smallest particle of an element
that retains the properties of that element
Atoms-very small
still observable with proper instruments

Thomson Model
J. J. Thomson - English physicist.
1897
Made a piece of equipment called a
cathode ray tube.
It is a vacuum tube - all the air has
been pumped out.

Thomsons Experiment
Voltage source
+ -
Vacuum tube
Metal Disks
Thomsons Experiment
Voltage source
+ -
Thomsons Experiment
Voltage source
+ -
Thomsons Experiment
+ -
Voltage source
-
Thomsons Experiment
Voltage source
+ -
Thomsons Experiment
Passing an electric current makes a
beam appear to move from the
negative to the positive end
Voltage source
+ -
Thomsons Experiment
Passing an electric current makes a
beam appear to move from the
negative to the positive end
Voltage source
+ -
Thomsons Experiment
Passing an electric current makes a
beam appear to move from the
negative to the positive end
Voltage source
+ -
Thomsons Experiment
Voltage source
By adding an electric field
Thomsons Experiment
Voltage source
By adding an electric field
+
-
Thomsons Experiment
Voltage source
By adding an electric field
+
-
Thomsons Experiment
Voltage source
+
-
Thomsons Experiment
Voltage source
By adding an electric field
+
-
Thomsons Experiment
Voltage source
By adding an electric field
+
-
Thomsons Experiment
Voltage source
By adding an electric field he found
that the moving pieces were negative
+
-
Other Particles
Proton - positively charged pieces
1840 times heavier than the
electron by E. Goldstein
Neutron - no charge but the same
mass as a proton by J. Chadwick
Rutherford Model
Ernest Rutherford -English physicist.
(1910)
Believed in the plum pudding model of the
atom
Wanted to see how big they are.

Rutherfords Experiment
Used radioactivity.
Alpha particles - positively charged
pieces- helium atoms minus electrons
Shot them at gold foil which can be
made a few atoms thick.
When an alpha particle hits a
fluorescent screen, it glows.
Heres what it looked like

Rutherfords Experiment
Lead
block
Uranium
Gold Foil
Fluorescent
Screen
Rutherfords Experiment
What he expected??

The alpha particles to pass through
without changing direction very much.

Rutherfords Experiment
Because

the positive charges were thought to
be spread out evenly. Alone they
were not enough to stop the alpha
particles.

Rutherfords Experiment
What he expected..
Rutherfords Experiment
Because
He thought the mass was evenly
distributed in the atom
Rutherfords Experiment
Rutherfords Experiment
Since he thought the mass was
evenly distributed in the atom
Rutherfords Experiment
What he got
Rutherfords Experiment
How he explained it!
+
Atom is mostly empty.
Small dense,
positive piece
at center.
Alpha particles
are deflected by
it if they get close
enough.
Rutherfords Experiment
+
Rutherfords Experiment
Since most of the particles went through, it
was mostly empty space.
Because the pieces turned so much, the
positive pieces were heavy.
Small volume, big mass, big density.
This small dense positive area is the
nucleus.

Bohr Model
Bohr Model
Line-Emission Spectrum
ground state
excited state
ENERGY IN PHOTON OUT
Bohr Model
e
-
exist only in orbits with specific amounts
of energy called energy levels
Therefore
e
-
can only gain or lose certain amounts of
energy
only certain photons are produced

Bohrs Model
1
2
3
4
5
6
Energy of photon
depends on the
difference in energy
levels

Bohrs calculated
energies matched the
IR, visible, and UV
lines for the H atom
Other Elements
Each element has a unique bright-line emission
spectrum.
Atomic Fingerprint
Helium
Bohrs calculations only worked for
hydrogen!
Modern Atomic Theory
ATOM
NUCLEUS ELECTRON
(-) CHARGE PROTONS NEUTRONS
(+) CHARGE NEUTRAL
QUARKS LEPTONS BOSONS
Most of the Atoms Mass
Atomic number equals the number of.
Equal in a neutral atom
Subatomic Particles
Quarks
component of
protons &
neutrons
6 types
3 quarks =
1 proton or
1 neutron
He
Summary of the Model of the Evolution
of Atom
Structure and
Properties of Atoms
Structure of Atoms
Electrons
Negatively charge
Moving around the nucleus

Nucleus
Protons positively charge
Neutrons neutral
Properties of Subatomic Particles
Name

Symbol Charge

Relative
mass
Actual
mass (g)
Electron e- -1 1/1840
9.11 x 10
-28
Proton p+

+1 1
1.67 x 10
-24

Neutron

n0

0 1
1.67 x 10
-24
Counting the Pieces
Atomic Number
number of protons in the nucleus
number of protons determines kind of atom
(since all protons are alike!)
the same as the number of electrons in the
neutral atom.
Mass Number
the number of protons + neutrons.
These account for most of mass
Number of Electrons
An atom is neutral
The net charge is zero
Number of protons = Number of electrons
Atomic number = Number of electrons

Atomic Symbols
Contain the symbol of the element, the
mass number and the atomic number.
X
Number
Mass
Number
Atomic
Atomic Symbols
Show the mass number and atomic number
Give the symbol of the element

mass number

23
Na sodium-23
atomic number
11



Atomic Number on the Periodic Table
11
Na
Atomic Number
Symbol
All atoms of an element have the
same number of protons
11
Na
11 protons
Sodium
Subatomic Particles in Some Atoms
16 31 65

O P Zn
8 15 30

8 p
+
15 p
+
30 p
+
8 n 16 n 35 n
8 e
-
15

e
-
30 e
-

Learning Check
State the number of protons for atoms of
each of the following:
A. Nitrogen
1) 5 protons 2) 7 protons 3) 14 protons
B. Sulfur
1) 32 protons 2) 16 protons 3) 6 protons
C. Barium
1) 137 protons 2) 81 protons 3) 56 protons

Solution
State the number of protons for atoms of each
of the following:
A. Nitrogen
2) 7 protons
B. Sulfur
2) 16 protons
C. Barium
3) 56 protons

Isotopes
Atoms with the same number of protons, but
different numbers of neutrons.
Atoms of the same element (same atomic number)
with different mass numbers
Isotopes of chlorine
35
Cl
37
Cl

17

17

chlorine - 35 chlorine - 37

Isotopes
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
Relative Atomic Mass

12
C atom = 1.992 10
-23
g
atomic mass unit (amu)
1 amu =
1
/
12
the mass of a
12
C atom
1 p = 1.007276 amu
1 n = 1.008665 amu
1 e
-
= 0.0005486 amu
Average Atomic Mass
weighted average of all isotopes
on the Periodic Table
round to 2 decimal places

100
(%) (mass (mass)(%) )

Avg.
Atomic
Mass
Atomic Mass of Magnesium

Isotopes Mass of Isotope Abundance

24
Mg = 24.0 amu 78.70%


25
Mg = 25.0 amu 10.13%


26
Mg = 26.0 amu 11.17%


Atomic mass (average mass) Mg = 24.3 amu

Mg
24.3
Learning Check
Calculate the avg. atomic mass of oxygen if its
abundance in nature is 99.76%
16
O, 0.04%
17
O,
and 0.20%
18
O.
Solution
Avg.
Atomic
Mass

100
(18)(0.20) (17)(0.04) ) (16)(99.76
16.00
amu
Learning Check
Find chlorines average atomic mass if
approximately 8 of every 10 atoms are
chlorine-35 and 2 are chlorine-37.
Solution
Avg.
Atomic
Mass

100
(37)(2) (35)(8)
35.40 amu
Learning Check
Gallium is a metallic element found in
small lasers used in compact disc players.
In a sample of gallium, there is 60.2% of
gallium-69 (68.9 amu) atoms and 39.8% of
gallium-71 (70.9 amu) atoms. What is the
atomic mass of gallium?



Solution
Avg.
Atomic
Mass

100
8) (70.9)(39. 2) (68.9)(60.
69.7 amu
Atomic Mass
Listed on the periodic table

Gives the mass of average atom of each element compared
to
12
C
Average atom based on all the isotopes and their abundance %
Atomic mass is not a whole number
Atomic mass is the weighted average mass of all the atomic
masses of the isotopes of that atom.



Na
22.99
Atomic Mass on Periodic Table
11
Na
22.99
Atomic Number
Symbol
Atomic Mass
Learning Check
Using the periodic table, specify the atomic
mass of each element (round to the tenths
place):
A. calcium __________
B. aluminum __________
C. lead __________
D. barium __________
E. iron __________

Solution
Using the periodic table, specify the atomic
mass of each element (round to the tenths
place):
A. calcium _40.1 amu _
B. aluminum _27.0 amu _
C. lead _207.2 amu_
D. barium _137.3 amu_
E. iron _55.8 amu__

Finding an Isotopic Mass
A sample of boron consists of
10
B (mass
10.0 amu) and
11
B (mass 11.0 amu). If
the average atomic mass of B is 10.8
amu, what is the % abundance of each
boron isotope?


Finding an Isotopic Mass
Assign X and Y values:
X = % 10B Y = % 11B
Determine Y in terms of X
X + Y = 100
Y = 100 - X

Solve for X:
X (10.0) + (100 - X )(11.0) = 10.8
100 100

Multiply through by 100
10.0 X + 1100 - 11.0X = 1080

Finding an Isotopic Mass
Collect X terms
10.0 X - 11.0 X = 1080 - 1100

- 1.0 X = -20

X = -20 = 20 % 10B
- 1.0
Y = 100 - X
% 11B = 100 - 20% = 80% 11B

Learning Check
Copper has two isotopes 63Cu (62.9
amu) and 65Cu (64.9 amu). What is the
% abundance of each isotope? (Hint:
Check periodic table for atomic mass)

1) 30% 2) 70% 3) 100%


Solution
2) 70%

Solution

62.9X + 6490 = 64.9X = 6350
-2.0 X = -140
X = 70%