O.

Dinesh kumar
Tlvs Murthy
M. Abhishek
by
Prof. Nagaraju
Introduction

Climate

BUILT ENVIRONMENT

BUILDING FORM - VENTILATION

Example

Conclusion

Reference


INDEX
The architecture that has developed in arid zones of the
middle east have had consistent and deep-rooted building techniques
which promote passive climatic conditioning of their environments to
provide shelter and comfort from their natural environment of hot arid
deserts.

Contemporary design of homes in hot arid desert conditions
have much to learn from the great history and development of city
planning, building form and construction methods of the past
INTRODUCTION
The general characteristics of climate plateau plains are as follows:

hot dry weather in summer and cold in winter
very little rainfall
very low humidity
very low vegetation cover
high temperature difference between night and day
the desert and desert areas , combined with wind and dust

CLIMATE
Ductility and implementation of urban and rural living
conditions with natural factors and the use of these agents in very
adverse weather conditions in these areas, is considerable. Dare
to be expressed in one very important achievement in the
implementation of our traditional architecture and provide a
suitable living environment in arid regions and is without water and
grass.

General urban and rural areas is as follows:
very dense urban and rural
urban area completely surrounded bynarrow alleys and
irregular and sometimes covered with a vault
buildings joined together
the establishment of biological collections according to sun
and wind


very dense urban and rural
Kashan is a city in Iran that located in hot anr dry
area.
Kashan
urban area completely surrounded by narrow alleys and irregular
and sometimes covered with a vault
buildings joined together
The traditional courtyard house, which has become the
indigenous urban and rural standard
in the Kashan, has developed from many civilizations. The
courtyard house typology with surrounding
rooms is the most basic response to the hot arid climatic regions.
Surrounding rooms
enclose the outdoor space with often only the depth of one room.
In urban settings, the courtyard
house is completely bounded by the wings of the house, and in
more rural and farm situations on
only one or two sides. The form of the courtyard is deliberately
regular and contained. The

surrounding principle rooms also display regularity and
respect to the courtyard geometry. Very
little architectural distinction is made between social and sleeping
quarters. Internal circulation is
often through the courtyard or colonnades which border the
courtyard. Service spaces such as
kitchen, toilets, storage, and workspaces are tucked into corners.
These spaces are sometimes
awkward in geometry and are not intended to be representational
of the overall architectural
spaces within the home. The hotter the climate, the taller the
proportions are for the courtyard.
In very hot arid areas, multi-story courtyards are not
uncommon. This increases the shaded area
of the courtyard and makes for a cooler microclimate
The nature of the courtyard is of a domestic garden where
children can play, adults can gather, and friends can lounge and
visit. Courtyards commonly display vegetation and or a water
feature.
Openings of adjacent rooms are often biased towards the
interior courtyard with little or no openings to the exterior surface of
the building. This attitude suggests an introverted typology of
building design that protects its inhabitants from wind, sand, sun,
and strangers outside.
I n hot arid zones, the function of light, ventilation, and view
are difficult to achieve in one window opening. For this reason,
these functions are separated. In order for an opening to provide
for air movement, it must be small which however, reduces natural
lighting for the room. This is why
wind towers, called Badgirs, are made which serve the sole
purpose of air movement.

Wind captured at the top of the tower has
less solid material such as sand and is cooler and
stronger than at ground level. Houses are commonly
constructed with one or two wind towers often rising 15m above
grade. Towers allow cool air passing across the sky to be caught
and brought down through enclosed rooms at and below grade.
Boroujerdiha House In Kashan
Wind towers are either
open on all four sides
or just two depending
on whether the cold
winds from the north
are isolated.
Wind velocity at this height is generally 1.5 times the velocity of that at
1m above ground level.
Boroujerdiha House In Kashan
Boroujerdiha House In Kashan .
This part had been used in winter
Boroujerdiha House In Kashan . This part
had been used in summer
ABASSIAN house
Using light color fao external and internal surface
ABASSIAN house
lighting in interior space
Boroujerdiha house
Using light color for external surface
And using vegitation for reduce the heat
Boroujerdiha house
Using water for make evaporation
And court yard
Plan and section
through a Persian house
showing a unidirectional
badgir which is open to
cool breezes from the
north but rejects the hot
winds from the south. A
vacuum at the mouth of
the badgir pulls cool air
into the rooms from the
patio
`

Wind Mud or mud brick is the most common building material
used to make the thick walls of the hot arid zone buildings. These walls
were often 400 to 800mm in thickness. The mud mixtures often
included earth, soil, dry vegetation, and stone aggregate. Specific
climatic conditions of humidity, soil, and sun produced the need for
varying techniques of mud structure construction. In the puddled form
technique, earth material is placed in a form with water and layered upon
itself to form a laminated wall. The addition of rocks and boulders
provides strength and reenforcement,
to the construction of the wall.
The wattle and daub technique used a crude armature of light framework built
of sticks and wood to serve as both formwork and reinforcing, for mud to be
placed within and around the structure. The rammed earth technique is often
employed to make mud bricks in areas where water is not readily available to
form puddled mud.
Short walls or brick forms are filled with damp, and not wet, mud with earth
placed between them .The moist mixture is then compacted with a mallet or
tamp until the maximum density is achieved. In order for this technique to work,
long periods of hot, dry weather are required to allow for the rammed earth to
dry and strengthen.
The building techniques of the hot arid climatic zones, developed over a long
history of
construction, have progressed to promote passive climatic conditioning to
protect inhabitants from
their harsh environments. Those ideas and techniques of city planning, building
form, and
constructions methods offer great insight to the contemporary designer of
Middle Eastern desert.