Objectives

Requirements
Types of Lubricants
Types of Lubricating Systems

When two surfaces move over each other ,dry
friction or solid friction is produced due to
surface irregularities.
This dry friction causes the surfaces to interlock
resulting in heat generation , wear etc.
But when a film of oil is interposed between
the surfaces , there comes viscous effect
This fluid friction is also called as
Hydrodynamics Lubrication.

To reduce the friction
To reduce the wear of moving parts
To provide cooling effect by delivering heat
taken away through crank case
To provide cushioning effect from the shocks
To provide cleaning action(i.e) by dissolving
carbon particles during circulation
To provide a sealing action against high
pressure gases leaking from cranck case

VISCOSITY:-
Resistance of the lubricating oil to flow
Higher value results in higher power losses
At the starting time ,the viscosity should be
low for the engine to start
Viscosity is a function of temperature .As
temperature increases ,this property decreases
which is not needed.
So minimum variation of viscosity is preferred.
Viscosity Index is used to denote change of
viscosity index with temperature.
Higher this number, lower is the change of
viscosity with temperature rise.
Petroleum lubricating oils have this index ranging
from 100 to 110
Viscosity index is calculated by
VI=[100*(L-U)](L-H)
Where U is kinematic viscosity at 40 degree C and L
and H are various values based on kinematic
viscosity at 100 degree celcius as per ASTM
standards

PHYSICAL STABILITY:-
Should be physically stable and should not
vaporize beyond a limit.
CHEMICAL STABILITY:-
Should neither form oxides nor decompose to
carbons at higher temperatures
Oxidation products will clog the lines and
results in faulty action of valves
Carbon decreases the engine compression and
the sticking of carbon particles causes lowered
efficiency in working of valves and spark
plugs



RESISTANCE TO CORROSION
POUR POINT:-
Minimum temperature at which the oil will pour
Pour point should be less than lowest temperature
limit of engine
FLASH POINT:-
Temperature at which flashing of oil vapour occurs
Flash point of lubricating oil should be high
CLEANLINESS:-
Oil should be clean and stable and must contain
detergent to remove impurities from engine
RESISTANCE AGAINST EXTREME PRESSURE:-
Lubricating oil is subjected to high pressure in
valve actuating mechanisms and bearing
This results in the oil to be driven out
Some oils cling to surface better under high
pressure and reduces dry friction. This
property is said as oiliness.

ANIMAL OILS:-
Obtained from animal fats
Not suitable as it gets oxidized easily
VEGETABLE OILS:-
Produced from seeds ,fruits of plants.
Not suitable because of the similarity with animal oils
Example is Castor Oil which was used before due to high
viscosity and high film strength
MINERAL OILS:-
Derived from Petroleum
Greater chemical stability
Less tendency to form emulsions
Cheaper
Contains hydrocarbons
SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS:-
The chemical compounds are artificially made usually
from petroleum components
Some of them used are PAO(Poly alpha olefins),Esters

Advantages:
Higher viscosity index
Reduced lacquer formation
Reduced deposits
Loss due to evaporation is low
Less initial drag on the engine and so high torque
But the only disadvantage is that it is high cost
GREASES:-
Suspensions of metallic soaps in lubricating oil
Used where retention of liquid lubricants is
difficult . Example : in axles
Further classified into purpose for which they are
used like chassis grease and the kind of soap base
as Calcium base, lithium base ,sodium base etc
SOLID LUBRICANTS:
Example is Graphite, molebdenum sulphide.Can
operate in highly oxidizing and reducing
environments.
Used as in power and colloidal form
Fills the pores of the metals and makes it almost
friction free.
Stable and has low coefficient of friction at higher
temperatures

HYDRODYNAMIC
LUBRICATION
Also called fluid film
lubrication
The moving surfaces
are separated by the
pressure of unbroken
film of oil
The oil forms a
wedge at maximum
pressure
The co-efficient of
friction is very low
Engine bearings
operate in
hydrodynamic
lubrication region

BOUNDARY
LUBRICATION
Exist when the
operating conditions
are not possible to
establish full fluid
condition
When the bodies
come into contact at
their asperities,it
break off due to heat
developed by local
pressure
This is stick slip
condition

Chemically
reactive constituents
of the lubricant react
with the contact
surface forming a
highly resistant
tenacious layer, or
film on the moving
solid surfaces
(boundary film)

HYDROSTATIC
LUBRICATION
Similar to
Hydrodynamic
lubrication
An external
pressure is applied
to the lubricant by
a pump in the
bearing, to
maintain the fluid
lubricant film
ELASTO
HYDRODYNAMIC
LUBRICATION
What?

Occurs at high
loads
Engine valves and
piston rings operate
in this region