Training Session on Energy

Equipment
Monitoring Equipment

Monitoring Equipment
Presentation from the
“Energy Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia”
www.energyefficiencyasia.org

1
© UNEP 2006
 Training Agenda: Monitoring
Equipment

Electrical measuring instruments

Monitoring Equipment

Combustion analyzer
Manometers
Thermometers
Water flow meters
Speed measurement
Leak detectors
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Lux meters © UNEP 2006
 Monitoring Equipment:
Introduction

• Have you used any before?

Monitoring Equipment

• Why do we need them?

• Can we do without them?
• How accurate should they be?
• What properties should they posses?

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© UNEP 2006
 Electrical Measuring Instruments

What Do They Do?

Monitoring Equipment

• Measure electrical parameters: KVA,

kW, power factor, Hertz, KVAr, Amps
and Volts, harmonics
• Hand-held meters: instant
measurements
• Advanced facilitates: cumulative
readings with printouts at specified
intervals
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© UNEP 2006
 Electrical Measuring Instruments

What do they do?

Monitoring Equipment

• The HIOKI 3286-20 clamp on power hitester

measures:
- Voltage - Reactivity
- Current - Phase angle
- Voltage/current peak - Frequency,
- Effective / reactive / - Phase detection(3-phase)
apparent power
- Voltage/current harmonic
(single-phase or 3-
levels (up to 20th)
phase)
- Power factor 5
© UNEP 2006
 Electrical Measuring Instruments

Where are they

Monitoring Equipment

HIOKI 3286-20
used? clamp on power
hitester
www.hioki.co.jp
• These
instruments
are applied on-
line to
measure
various
electrical
parameters 6
© UNEP 2006
 Electrical Measuring Instruments

How to use them?

Monitoring Equipment

• Three leads with

crocodile clips:
red, yellow and
black (RYB)
• Used to measure
voltage
• Need naked wires
www.electricfence-online.co.uk/ishop/1047/shopscr91.html 7
© UNEP 2006
 Electrical Measuring Instruments

How to use them?

Monitoring Equipment

• Clamp that can

open and close
• Used to measure
current
• Need insulated
wire

HIOKI 3286-20 clamp on power hitester

www.hioki.co.jp 8
© UNEP 2006
 Electrical Measuring Instruments

How to use them?

Monitoring Equipment

• Only the combination of clamp and

crocodile clips give other
measurements
• Power
• Power factor
• Frequency
• Etc.
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© UNEP 2006
 Electrical Measuring Instruments

How to use them?

Monitoring Equipment

• Measurements are taken at the

junction or distribution box
• Electricity distribution to different
equipment
• Live and neutral wires visible
• Insulated and naked wires available

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© UNEP 2006
 Electrical Measuring Instruments

Current measurement
Monitoring Equipment

Clamp sensor

Live wire

Neutral wire

Display
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© UNEP 2006
 Electrical Measuring Instruments

Voltage measurement
Monitoring Equipment

Live wire

Neutral wire

Display
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 Electrical Measuring Instruments

Measurement of all electrical

parameters on 3-phase, 4-wire circuit
Monitoring Equipment

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© UNEP 2006
 Electrical Measuring Instruments

Precautions
Monitoring Equipment

• Never attach the clamp to a circuit

operating > maximum rated voltage, or over
bare conductors
• Connect clamp on probe to the secondary
side of a breaker/fuse
• Use rubber hand gloves, boots, and safety
helmet to avoid electrical shocks
• Consult the operation manual before using
the equipment
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© UNEP 2006
 Training Agenda: Monitoring
Equipment

Electrical measuring instruments

Monitoring Equipment

Combustion analyzer
Manometers
Thermometers
Water flow meters
Speed measurement
Leak detectors
15
Lux meters © UNEP 2006
 Combustion Analyzer

What does it do?

Monitoring Equipment

• Measures the products of combustion:

• CO
• CO2
• NOx
• SOx
• O2
• Fly ash, soot, others…
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© UNEP 2006
 Combustion Analyzer

What does it do?

Monitoring Equipment

• Measures the composition of flue gases

after combustion in percentage
• Measure % oxygen or % CO2 in the flue
gases. If one is measured, the other can
most often be calculated
• Combustion efficiency can be calculated
with an inbuilt programme

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© UNEP 2006
 Combustion Analyzer

Fuel Efficiency Monitor

Monitoring Equipment

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www.fuelefficiencyllc.com/ feinc1.jpg © UNEP 2006
 Combustion Analyzer

Fyrite
Monitoring Equipment

omnicontrols.com/
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lists/gifs/Bach5.gif
© UNEP 2006
 Combustion Analyzer

Bacharach Fyrite® Pro Combustion Gas Analyzer

Gas Analyzer www.apexinst.com/ assetsnew/Fyrite-pro.gif
Monitoring Equipment

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© UNEP 2006
 Combustion Analyzer

Where is it used?
Monitoring Equipment

• Any equipment where combustion

takes place: boilers, furnaces
• Measurements are taken in the duct
• Measurements are used to identify
efficiency, leakages

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© UNEP 2006
 Combustion Analyzer

How to use them: Gas Analyzer

Monitoring Equipment

Probe

Display
screen

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www.apexinst.com/ assetsnew/Fyrite-pro.gif © UNEP 2006
 Combustion Analyzer

Precautions
Monitoring Equipment

• Always calibrate the instrument in open fresh air

before taking measurements
• Check for clogging of the air filters
• Ensure that the rubber tubing carrying the gases
to the instrument is not bended
• Plug the open space of monitoring hole with
cotton rags
• Use gloves, goggles and safety helmet
• Consult the operating manual before use
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© UNEP 2006
 Training Agenda: Monitoring
Equipment

Electrical measuring instruments

Monitoring Equipment

Combustion analyzer
Manometers
Thermometers
Water flow meters
Speed measurement
Leak detectors
24
Lux meters © UNEP 2006
 Manometers

What does it do?

Monitoring Equipment

• Measure the differential pressure across two

points
•Positive pressure
•Negative pressure (vacuum)
• The liquid-column manometer is the oldest
type: a U-shaped tube half-full of liquid
• Liquid: oil, water, mercury
• A barometer is a manometer!!
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© UNEP 2006
 Manometers

What does it do - Principles

Monitoring Equipment

h h

aa b b c
c
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Source: Dwyer Instruments, www.dwyer-inst.com
© UNEP 2006
 Manometers

Where is it used?
Monitoring Equipment

• To measure pressure differential in air pipes,

water pipes, gas pipes
• Of various equipment, mainly compressors,
pumps, and draft systems

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© UNEP 2006
 Manometers

How to operate them – main types

Monitoring Equipment

of manometers
1) Single-limb Liquid-column Manometer
2) Flexible Membrane Manometer
3) Coiled Tube Manometer

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© UNEP 2006
 Manometers

How to use a manometer: air pipes

Monitoring Equipment

and ducts
Flexible Membrane Manometer
Manometer

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© UNEP 2006
 Probes
Manometers

How to use a Display

screen
manometer:
Monitoring Equipment

air pipes and

ducts
• Turn on
• Select measurement
unit
• Measured value
appears on screen
Dwyer Series 477 – Handheld Digital
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Manometer, www.dwyer.co.kr
© UNEP 2006
 Manometers

How to use a manometer: air pipes

Monitoring Equipment

and ducts
• Bournoulli equation to calculate velocity:
• Differential pressure = v2/2g, where
• Differential pressure: measured
• v = velocity
• g = gravity

• Velocity – air flow – efficiency

fans/blowers etc 31
© UNEP 2006
 Manometers

How to use a manometer: water

Monitoring Equipment

pipes

10 m

Water pipeline
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© UNEP 2006
 Manometers

How to use a manometer: water pipes

Monitoring Equipment

• Differential pressure = f Lv2/2gD, where

• Differential pressure: measured
• f = friction factor of pipe
• L = distance between two tappings
• V = velocity
• D = pipe diameter
• g = gravity

• Velocity – flow rate – efficiency of pump

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© UNEP 2006
 Manometers

Precautions
Monitoring Equipment

• Do not expose the manometer to very

high pressures
• Always consult the operating manual
before use

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© UNEP 2006
 Training Agenda: Monitoring
Equipment

Electrical measuring instruments

Monitoring Equipment

Combustion analyzer
Manometers
Thermometers
Water flow meters
Speed measurement
Leak detectors
35
Lux meters © UNEP 2006
 Thermometers

What a thermometer does

Monitoring Equipment

• Measures temperatures of any

• Fluid
• Surface
• Gas
• Two types:
• Contact: clinical and thermocouple
• Non-contact or infrared 36
© UNEP 2006
 Thermometers

Where thermometers are used

Monitoring Equipment

Measure the temperature of for example:

• Ambient air
• Refrigeration plant incl. compressors and
cooling towers: e.g. chilled water, air
• Boilers: surface, flue gases, steam pipes,
feed water, condensate water
• Furnaces: surface, flue gas, cooling water
• Waste heat recovery: gas, water
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© UNEP 2006
 Thermometers

Where a Thermocouple is used

Monitoring Equipment

• Measuring temperature of air, liquids and

gases
• Generally not used for surfaces

Type: AZ RS232, K, J, T thermometer 38

© UNEP 2006
 Thermometers

How to operate a Thermocouple

Monitoring Equipment

• Turn on
• Insert probe
• Read
temperature
on display
• Wait 2 min for
stable reading

Type: AZ RS232, K, J, T thermometer 39

© UNEP 2006
 Thermometers

Where is it used?
Monitoring Equipment

• Any equipment where combustion

takes place: boilers, furnaces
• Measurements are taken in the duct
• Measurements are used to identify
efficiency, leakages

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© UNEP 2006
 Thermometers

Where a non-contact / infrared

Monitoring Equipment

thermometer is used
• Measure temperature of surfaces only
• Used for:
• Moving objects
• Contamination, voltage, electromagnetic
field, vacuum
• Large distances/heights
• Too high temperatures for
thermocouples 41
© UNEP 2006
 Thermometers

How to operate
Monitoring Equipment

a non-contact /
infrared
thermometer
• Turn on
• Point to
surface
• Read on panel

Hioki Non-contact Temperature

Hi Tester, model 3415-01
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www.tequipment.net
© UNEP 2006
 Thermometers

Precautions
Monitoring Equipment

Thermocouple:
• Immere probe in fluid/gas and only read
measure after 1-2 minutes
• Note temperature range before you start
• Do not touch naked flame with the probe
Infrared:
• Set the emissivity for the surface where
temperature is measured
Always consult the operating manual before use43
© UNEP 2006
 Training Agenda: Monitoring
Equipment

Electrical measuring instruments

Monitoring Equipment

Combustion analyzer
Manometers
Thermometers
Water flow meters
Speed measurement
Leak detectors
44
Lux meters © UNEP 2006
 Water Flow Meters

How water flow is measured

Monitoring Equipment

• Water meter: measures flow rate of a liquid

or a gas
• Time of fill method: tank volume is divided
by time to fill the tank
• Float method: distance ping pong ball
traveled divided by travel time

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© UNEP 2006
 Water Flow Meters

Where a water flow is used

Monitoring Equipment

• Water flow rate is measured to determine

the efficiency of
• Pumps
• Cooling towers
• Refrigeration / AC plant
• Heat exchangers
• Condensers
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© UNEP 2006
 Water Flow Meters

How to operate water flow meters

Monitoring Equipment

Water flow meters used to measure water flow

in open channels:
• Turbine flow meters
• Parallel wheels
• Positive displacement flow meters

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© UNEP 2006
 Water Flow Meters

How to operate water flow meters

Monitoring Equipment

Water flow meters that are permanently

installed on water pipelines:
• Rotameter
• Spring and piston flow meter
• Vortex meters

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© UNEP 2006
 Water Flow Meters

How to operate water flow meters

Monitoring Equipment

Water flow meters

that not permanently
installed on water
pipelines
• Ultrasonic flow
meters

www.rshydro.co.uk 49
© UNEP 2006
 Training Agenda: Monitoring
Equipment

Electrical measuring instruments

Monitoring Equipment

Combustion analyzer
Manometers
Thermometers
Water flow meters
Speed measurement
Leak detectors
50
Lux meters © UNEP 2006
 Speed Measurement: Tachometers
and Stroboscopes

What tachometers and

Monitoring Equipment

stroboscopes do and where they

are used
• Measure speed of a rotating object in
revolutions per minute (RPM)
• Used for motors, fans, pulleys
• Tachometers: direct contact
• Stroboscopes: direct contact not possible
or not safe
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© UNEP 2006
 Speed Measurement: Tachometers
and Stroboscopes

display
How to operate
Monitoring Equipment

panel
a tachometer
• Turn on
• Bring wheel in contact
with rotating body
• Read RPM on display
panel

Extech Contact/Laser Photo Tachometer,

model 461995-NIST. wheel 52
www.mytoolstore.com/extech/tachndx.html
© UNEP 2006
 Speed Measurement

How to operate
Monitoring Equipment

a stroboscope
• Mark line on rotating
object
• Point stroboscope at
object
• Change flashing
light until marked
line stops moving
• Read RPM on
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display panel Source: Reliability Direct, Inc. © UNEP 2006
 Speed Measurement

Precautions
Monitoring Equipment

• Be careful when bringing the wheel of the

tachometer in contact with the rotating
body
• Do not wear loose clothes while taking
measurements with a tachometers
• Avoid taking measurements alone
• Always consult the operating manual before
use
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© UNEP 2006
 Training Agenda: Monitoring
Equipment

Electrical measuring instruments

Monitoring Equipment

Combustion analyzer
Manometers
Thermometers
Water flow meters
Speed measurement
Leak detectors
55
Lux meters © UNEP 2006
 Leak Detectors

What does a leak detector do

Monitoring Equipment

• Detects the location of leaks

• Detects almost any leak because
• Short distance/access not needed
• High pressure not needed
• Sensitive to sound
• Filters background noises
• Does not measure the size of the leak
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© UNEP 2006
 Leak Detectors

Where is a leak detector used

Monitoring Equipment

For measuring
• Compressed air leaks
• Refrigerant leaks

But no leak detector will find every leak!!

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© UNEP 2006
 Leak Detectors

How to operate a leak detector

Monitoring Equipment

• Turn on and put monitoring

on headphones device

• Move probe headphones

along pipeline
• Mark locations
where hissing
sound is heard
probe
Type: Accutrack Ultrasonic Leak
58
Detector, model VPE
© UNEP 2006
59
 Leak Detectors

Precautions
Monitoring Equipment

• Dust or smoke should not come out of

the pipe
• Avoid measurement at places with high
sound levels
• Always consult operating manual

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© UNEP 2006
 Training Agenda: Monitoring
Equipment

Electrical measuring instruments

Monitoring Equipment

Combustion analyzer
Manometers
Thermometers
Water flow meters
Speed measurement
Leak detectors
61
Lux meters © UNEP 2006
 Lux Meters

What do Lux meters do and where

Monitoring Equipment

are they used

• Measures illumination (light) levels at
• Offices
• Industrial plants
• Streets
• All other (work) places

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© UNEP 2006
 Lux Meters

Display
How to operate panel
Monitoring Equipment

lux meters
• Consist of a Body
body, a photo
cell and a
readout/display
panel
• Lux meters
readings vary for Photo cell
different light
sources
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© UNEP 2006
 Lux Meters

Where & How It’s Used?

Monitoring Equipment

• Turn on the lux meter

• Place sensor where the light intensity
is to be measured
• Read illumination levels on the display
panel

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© UNEP 2006
 Lux Meters

Precautions
Monitoring Equipment

• Place sensor properly on the workstation

• Store the sensor safely due its high
sensitivity
• Always consult the operating manual

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© UNEP 2006
 Training Session on Energy
Equipment


Monitoring Equipment

Monitoring Equipment

THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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© UNEP GERIAP
 Disclaimer and References

• This PowerPoint training session was prepared as part of

the project “Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from
Monitoring Equipment

Industry in Asia and the Pacific” (GERIAP). While

reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the
contents of this publication are factually correct and
properly referenced, UNEP does not accept responsibility
for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall
not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned
directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the
contents of this publication. © UNEP, 2006.
• The GERIAP project was funded by the Swedish
International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida)
• Full references are included in the textbook chapter that is
67
available on www.energyefficiencyasia.org
© UNEP 2006