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Thinking is the mental activity associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering. Thinking heuristics rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to solve problems efficiently. Thinking--insight is sudden realization of the solution to a problem.
Thinking is the mental activity associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering. Thinking heuristics rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to solve problems efficiently. Thinking--insight is sudden realization of the solution to a problem.
Thinking is the mental activity associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering. Thinking heuristics rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to solve problems efficiently. Thinking--insight is sudden realization of the solution to a problem.
Worth Publishers Thinking Cognition mental activity associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering Cognitive Psychology the study of these mental activities concept formation problem solving decision making judgment formation study of both logical and illogical thinking Thinking Concept mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people * Prototype a mental image or best example of a category matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin) Thinking *Algorithm methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem contrasts with the usually speedierbut also more error-prone use of heuristics Thinking *Heuristic rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently usually speedier but also more error- prone than algorithms sometimes were unaware of using heuristics Thinking Unscramble S P L O Y O C H Y G Algorithm all 907,208 combinations Heuristic throw out all YY combinations other heuristics? Thinking Insight sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem contrasts with strategy-based solutions Confirmation Bias tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions Fixation * inability to see a problem from a new perspective and inhabits creativity impediment to problem solving Thinking--Insight Wolfgang Kohlers experiment on insight by a chimpanzee
The Matchstick Problem How would you arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles? The Candle-Mounting Problem Using these materials, how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board? Thinking Functional Fixedness tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions impediment to problem solving The Matchstick Problem Solution to the matchstick problem The Candle-Mounting Problem Solving this problem requires recognizing that a box need not always serve as a container Heuristics Representativeness Heuristic may lead one to ignore other relevant information rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes Heuristics Availability Heuristic estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common Example: airplane crash Thinking Overconfidence * to be more confident than correct to overestimate the accuracy of ones erroneous beliefs and judgments underestimate the extent to which our beliefs and judgments are erroneous. Thinking Framing the way an issue is posed how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments Example: What is the best way to market ground beef--as 25% fat or 75% lean? Belief Perseverance clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited By moving only one glass arrange so full and empty glasses alternate What is so unusual about the sentence below?
Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz. What was it? Something extraordinarily unusual happened on the 6 th of May, 1978, at 12:34 p.m. What was it? What was it? Something extraordinarily unusual happened on the 6 th of May, 1978, at 12:34 p.m. What was it? 12:34, 5/6/78 Can you translate the following into a sentence?
I002O4180 Can you translate the following into a sentence? I002O4180
I ought naught to owe for I ate nothing. Who were they? A man left home one morning. He turned right and ran straight ahead. Then he turned left. After a while, he turned left again, running faster then ever. Then he turned left once more and decided to go home. In the distance he could see two masked men waiting for him. Can you translate the following?
YYURYYUBICURYY4ME Can you translate the following? YYURYYUBICURYY4ME Too wise you are, Too wise you be, I see you are, Too wise for me. Language Language our spoken, written, or gestured works and the way we combine them to communicate meaning Language We are all born to recognize speech sounds from all the worlds languages 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Percentage able to discriminate Hindi ts Hindi- speaking adults 6-8 months 8-10 months 10-12 months English- speaking adults Infants from English-speaking homes Language Babbling Stage the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language beginning at 3 to 4 months One-Word Stage * the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words first begin to use sounds to communicate meaning from about age 1 to age 2 Language Two-Word Stage beginning about age 2 the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements Telegraphic Speech early speech stage in which the child speaks like a telegram go car using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words Language Summary of Language Development Month (approximate) Stage 4 10 12 24 24+ Babbles many speech sounds. Babbling reveals household language. One-word stage. Two-word, telegraphic speech. Language develops rapidly into complete sentences. Language Genes design the mechanisms for a language, and experience activates them as it modifies the brain Genes Environment spoken language heard Brain Mechanisms for understanding and producing language Behavior Mastery of native language provides input to design Language New language learning gets harder with age 100 90 80 70 60 50 Native 3-7 8-10 11-15 17-39 Percentage correct on grammar test Age at arrival Language Linguistic Relativity Whorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think
What is Intelligence? Intelligence mental abilities needed to select, adapt to, and shape environments abilities involved profit from experience solve problems reason effectively meet challenges and achieve goals Origins of Intelligence * Mental Age a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet chronological age typical of a given level of performance child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8 Origins of Intelligence Stanford-Binet the widely used American revision of Binets original intelligence test revised by Terman at Stanford University Origins of Intelligence Intelligence Quotient (IQ) defined originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 IQ = ma/ca x 100) on contemporary tests it is the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100 Are There Multiple Intelligences? Factor Analysis statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie ones total score General Intelligence (g) factor that Spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilities measured by every task on an intelligence test Factor Analysis Example 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 N .75 .74 .71 .58 .58 .63 .01 .04 -.06 -.04 -.02 .09 E .01 -.06 -.09 .02 -.06 .09 .48 .59 .59 .49 .68 .64 Correlations of Twelve MPI Items to Neuroticism and Extraversion Are There Multiple Intelligences? Savant Syndrome condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an amazing specific skill computation drawing Creativity ability to produce novel and valuable ideas Savant Syndrome Stephen, Age 13 could not speak coherently or cross the road by himself. Are There Multiple Intelligences? Emotional Intelligence ability to perceive, understand, and manage emotions critical part of social intelligence Creativity and Relationships Meduicks suggests that creativity involves the ability to see relationships between ideas that are remote from each other. Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logical-mathematical Musical Bodily-kinesthetic Spatial Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalist Multiple Intelligences Linguistic The ability to use language, sensitivity to the order of things. These people can argue, persuade, entertain, or instruct through the spoken word. poet, translator T. S. Eliot Multiple Intelligences Logical-mathematical The ability to see the intelligence of numbers and logic, ability to handle chains of reasoning and to recognize patterns and order. These people think in terms of cause and effect and can create and test hypotheses. Mathematician, scientist Einstein Multiple Intelligences Musical Sensitivity to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone. These people can sing in tune, keep time to music and listen to musical selections with discernment composer, singer Stravinsky Multiple Intelligences Bodily-kinesthetic The ability to use the body skillfully and handle objects adroitly. These are hands-on people with good tactile sensitivity. athlete, dancer, surgeon Martha Graham Multiple Intelligences Spatial The ability to perceive the world accurately and to recreate or transform aspects of that world. These people often have acute sensitivity to visual details, can draw their ideas graphically, and can orient themselves easily in 3-D space sculptor, architect, surveyor Picasso Multiple Intelligences Interpersonal The ability to understand people and relationships. These people can perceive and respond to moods, temperaments, intentions, and the desires of others. politician, salesperson, religious leader Gandhi Multiple Intelligences Intrapersonal Access to one's emotional life as a means of understanding oneself and others. These people can easily access their own feelings, discriminate among different emotional states, and use this to enrich and guide their own lives. therapist, social worker Freud Multiple Intelligences Naturalist The ability to understand categorize, and explain patterns encountered in the natural world. These people observe, interpret, and construct meaning from the natural world. botanist, farmer, rancher Charles Darwin Assessing Intelligence Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) most widely used intelligence test subtests verbal performance (nonverbal) Assessing Intelligence Standardization * defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardization group Normal Curve the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes most scores fall near the average; fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes The Normal Curve Ninety-five percent of all people fall within 30 points of 100 Number of scores 55 70 85 100 115 130 145 Wechsler intelligence score Sixty-eight percent of people score within 15 points above or below 100 Assessing Intelligence Reliability the extent to which a test yields consistent results assessed by consistency of scores on two halves of the test alternate forms of the test retesting the same individual Validity the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is suppose to Assessing Intelligence Content Validity the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest driving test that samples driving tasks Criterion behavior (such as college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity Assessing Intelligence Predictive Validity success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior also called criterion-related validity Intelligence Mental Retardation a condition of limited mental ability indicated by intelligence scores below 70 produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life varies from mild to profound Down Syndrome * retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in genetic make-up Intelligence Moderate 35-49 10 May progress to second-grade level. academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by labor in sheltered workshops. Degrees of Mental Retardation Level Typical Intelligence Scores Percentage of the Retarded Adaptation to Demands of Life Mild 50-70 85% May learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level. Adults may, with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills. Severe 20-34 3-4 May learn to talk and perform simple work tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training. Profound below 20 1-2 Require constant aid and supervision.
Intelligence Creativity the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas components of creativity expertise imaginative thinking skills venturesome personality intrinsic motivation creative environment Genetic Influences The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Similarity of intelligence scores (correlation) Identical twins reared together Identical twins reared apart Fraternal twins reared together Siblings reared together Unrelated individuals reared together Heritability * the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes variability depends on range of populations and environments studied Girls are most likely to outperform boys in a spelling bee. Boys are most likely to outnumber girls in a class designed for students gifted in mathematics. Genetic Influences Genetic Influences 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 3 years 16 years Child-parent correlation in verbal ability scores Children and their birth parents
Adopted children and their birth parents
Adopted children and their adoptive parents Nature and nurture Genetic Influences The schooling effect Genetic Influences Grade 6 Grade 5 Grade 4 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 Age in months 118 115 112 109 106 103 100 97 IQ gains relative to grade 4 baseline Genetic Influences Group differences and environmental impact Variation within group Variation within group Difference between groups Poor soil Fertile soil Seeds Genetic Influences The Mental Rotation Test of Spatial Abilities Which two circles contains configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle at left? Standard Responses Assessing Intelligence Aptitude Test a test designed to predict a persons future performance aptitude is the capacity to learn *Achievement Test a test designed to assess what a person has learned