DC System, DC/AC Circuits at the Sub

Stations

Er. K.V.SURYA PRAKASA RAO

 D.C SYSTEM IN THE SUB
STATIONS
The DC System in the sub stations comprises of
the following:
1. DC Charging System consisting of AC/DC
Chargers
2. Battery Unit
3. DC Distribution System
AC/DC Charging System consists of
 Float Charger

 Boost Charger
The Battery unit consists of number of Secondary Cells
(Storage Cells).

They are two types of cells commonly used

 Lead- Lead - Acid Cells

 Nickel – Iron - Alkali Cells
Nowadays mostly Lead Acid Cells are used.
The Battery cells are of two types
Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

In the primary cells the material used must be

replaced after the cell delivers the current.
Where as the secondary cells can be recharged
with DC current after the cells deliver the
current and the same material can be used.
The Chemical reaction which takes place in a LEAD Acid Storage Battery
is as follows.

Battery Discharged Battery Charged

(+Plate) (-Plate) (+Plate) (-Plate)

PbSo4 + PbSo4 + 2H2o ← PbO2 + PB + 2H2SO4

→

Lead + Lead + Water Is Led + Lead + Sulphuri

Sulphate Sulphate Changed Peroxide c Acid
to
 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

1. The entire wiring of circuitry for indications, alarms,

metering and control should be permanent wiring.
2. There is no place for temporary wiring or adhocism in
electrical circuitry at the sub station
3. The leads should be identified by ferrules near terminals
4. Every lead should end at a terminal point and no
junctions by twisting is allowed. If two wires are to be
terminated at same terminal they may be connected at
two different terminals and a loop provided in between
the terminals.
5. The wiring should be by copper leads 2.5 Sq.mm
straded for CT secondaries P.T Secondaries, control
Indication and alarm circuitary.
 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

6. The terminations should be lugged by ring shape

‘O’ lugs, ‘U’ shape lugs should be avoided.
7. For CT Secondary terminations, two nuts with one
spring washer and two flat washers to be
compulsorily used.
8. The terminal strips should be stud type with nuts
and not screw – in – type.
9. Wherever two batteries are available, the primary
protection and back – up protection should be from
different batteries.
10. Where there is only one battery at a power sub
station, the primary and back – up protections
should be given D.C supply through two individual
circuits with independent fuses run from D.C bus
 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

11. When CBs have two trip coils, they may be

connected for operation of primary and back – up
protections separately
12. DC and AC supplies should not be taken through
different cores of the same cable
13. Independent DC cables should be run to every
equipment in the yard and looping of DC supply
either in the yard or in the control room from one
equipment to the other is to be avoided.
14. The DC yard lighting for emergency lighting should
be through independent cables and not mixed up
with protection and other circuitry
15. For indications, alarms, annunciations,
controls(closing coil, trip coil, etc negative (-ve) is
always given direct and positive (+ve) is supplied
only ‘on commands’ like close, trip, relay trip, etc.,
 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

16. Where DC protection supply is at 24 Volts or 32 volts the

battery units should be very near the equipment and not in the
control room where ever breakers with solenoid closing are
used. Every breaker shall be provided with individual battery
chargers
17. CTs with 1 Amps secondary rating should be used
compulsorily where meters protective devices etc., are
remotely situated with reference to equipment
18. The CT ratios available and adopted with number of cores
shall be displayed on each panel as follows : (with underlined
position as adopted) 400-200-100/1-1-1
19. Wherever CT cores are not used “SHORTING LOOPS”
should be provided near CT secondary terminals and not in
marshalling boxes or at panels
20. The cable entries near equipment, marshalling boxes and
panels should be by use of appropriate size glands
 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

21. The wiring inside the panels should be clean and

neatly fastened avoiding loose wires
22. Few cells from a battery of cells should not be used
for separate low voltage DC circuits, DC-DC
converters only should be employed utilizing full
DC Voltage of the entire battery as input. Removal
of electrolyte from one cell and fixing in another
cell is not correct.
23. All the Control panels and other panels shall be
perfectly earthed and connected to earthmat
24. One of the terminals of each secondary core of CTs
and PTs shall be earthed.
 SUB STATIONS – PROTECTION & METERING CIRCUITS

AC CIRCUITS D.C CIRCUITS

1.C.T Circuits 1. Control Circuits

2.P.T Circuits 2. Indication and alarm
3.Auxilary L.T Circuits Circuits
4.OLTC Control Circuits 3. Battery, Charger D.C
Distribution Circuits
 DC CIRCUITS
1) Control Circuits a) Breaker Closing Circuits
•Remote Closing Circuits
•Local Closing Circuits

b) Breaker Tripping Circuits

•Remote Tripping Circuits
•Local Tripping Circuits
•Relay Tripping Circuits

c) Interlock Circuits
•Interlock Between Breakers and Isolators
•Interlock Between Breakers
 DC CIRCUITS
2) Indication and •Breaker close Indication Circuit
Alarm Circuits •Breaker Open Indication Circuit
•Healthy Trip Indication Circuit
•Spring Charge Indication Circuit
•Sema Phore circuit
•Breaker Trip alarm circuit
•Over Current/Earthfault relay trip Alarm
•Transformer Alarm Circuits, Oil Temp

High, winding Temp high, Transformer

Bucholtz, OLTC Bucholtz, Low oil level
alarms
•Distance Protection, diffl. Protection and

Various other protection relays trip alarm

 DC CIRCUITS
3) BatteryCharger DC •Float Charger Circuit
Distribution Circuits •Boost Charger Circuit
•DC Leakage Circuit
•DC Distribution Panel

Circuit
 AC CIRCUITS
1) CT Circuits •C.T Circuit for metering
•C.T Circuit for Distance Protection
•C.T Circuit for Transformer

Protection (Differential, REF)

•C.T Circuit for Back-Up Protection

(Overcurrent, Earth fault)

•C.T Circuit for Bus Bar Protection
 AC CIRCUITS
2) PT Circuits •P.T Circuit for Synchro check
unit/Synchronizing Panel
•P.T Circuit for metering
•P.T Circuit for Distance Protection
•P.T Circuit for Directional Over

current and Earth fault relay

protection
 AC CIRCUITS
3) Auxiliary L.T Circuit •L.T Distribution Circuits to VCBs
for Spring Charging motors, space
heaters and indications ( in some
Breakers)
•L.T Supply for Operation of OLTCs

of Power Transformers
•L.T Supply to Battery Charger
•L.T Supply to Air Compressors
•L.T Supply to Yard Lighting
•L.T Supply for Sub Station Control

Room, water Pumping etc.

 AC CIRCUITS
4) OLTC Control Circuits of •Local (Electrical) tap changing
Power Transformers
circuit
•Remote tap changing circuit

(Individual)
•Simultaneous Remote tap

changing circuit for Power

Transformers in parallel (Master
and follower circuits)