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The CELL is a system by itself that can exist in a medium from other living organisms. It is made up of Plasma / cell membrane, a semi-permeable layer with protein, and a cell wall made up of cellulose in plants and algae; murein in bacteria and chitin in fungi. Cytoplasm - contains the organelles which are integral components of the cell.
The CELL is a system by itself that can exist in a medium from other living organisms. It is made up of Plasma / cell membrane, a semi-permeable layer with protein, and a cell wall made up of cellulose in plants and algae; murein in bacteria and chitin in fungi. Cytoplasm - contains the organelles which are integral components of the cell.
The CELL is a system by itself that can exist in a medium from other living organisms. It is made up of Plasma / cell membrane, a semi-permeable layer with protein, and a cell wall made up of cellulose in plants and algae; murein in bacteria and chitin in fungi. Cytoplasm - contains the organelles which are integral components of the cell.
- the structural and functional unit of living organisms
- is a system by itself that can exist in a medium from other living organisms - Discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 from the bark of a tree
II. Structures of the Cell:
1. Plasma / Cell Membrane
is a thin limiting membrane that encloses the cell, defining the boundaries between the ECF and ICF it functions for: support, protection, and passage of substances to and from the cell
is semi-permeable and is made up of bilipid layer with protein
- provides identity to the cell Cell Wall:
is found outside the cell membrane
made up mainly of cellulose in plants and algae; murein in bacteria and chitin in fungi 2. Protoplasm - the living substance within the cell - located inner to the cell membrane
a. Water most abundant, makes up 80-85% - absorbs heat b. Salts and Minerals c. Gases d. Organic Compounds: d.1. Carbohydrates supply energy for metabolic processes
constituent of the cell membrane types: 1. fats 2. oil d.3. Proteins
- responsible for growth, repair and differentiation of worn out tissues 3. Cytoplasm - contains the organelles which are the integral components of the cell a. Mitochondria
-ovoid/filamentous/sausage-shaped -has 2 layers - in-foldings of the inner layer are termed cristae - called as the powerhouse of the cell - produce energy (ATP)- adenosine triphosphate - chief center during cellular respiration
b. GolgiBodies/Complex/Apparatus /Dictyosomes
- stacks of 5-15 cisternae associated with small vesicles and large clear vacuoles - size: 0.5-2um - number per cell: 400 - function:
packaging stations of the cell
- was discovered by Camille Golgi c. Ribosomes
- small, spherical or granular bodies - size: 15-25 um - number per cell: 500,000 function:
- protein synthesis d. Endoplasmic Reticulum
is a winding network of membranes interconnected with each other
it provides channels which transport materials to the cytoplasm
Types:
a. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
contains ribosomes on its surface
function:
- protein synthesis
b. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
devoid of ribosomes
function: produces lipids, examples: cholesterol, carbohydrates (glycogen) e. Lysosomes
vesicles present only among animal cells which are surrounded by a membrane
contain hydrolytic enzymes w/c break down large organic molecules e.g. proteins, lipids, carbohydrates f. Centrioles
granular bodies located outside the nucleus ; are involved in the movement of chromosomes during cell division h. Microfilaments
are thread-like structures for support and movement
present among muscle cells 3. Nucleus - the control center of the cell
- regulates growth and reproduction of the cell
Ergastic Substances: - are the non-living substances within the cell
- lifeless accumulations inside the cell
a. Vacuoles
are membrane-bound bodies containing various substances in dilute solution for food storage (food vacuole); removal of waste (excretory vacuole) and water storage (central vacuole Plant Cells 1.Cell Wall - rigid; non-living that is secreted by the protoplast - skeletal framework - secreted by the protoplast - made up of cellulose - its older portion is on the outside; its newer one on the inside 2. Protoplast portion within the cell wall
A. Plasma/Cell Membrane found outside the cytoplasm next to the cell wall - is semi-permeable - controls the exchange of materials into and out of the cell
2. Cytoplasm protoplasm outside the nucleus A. Cytoplasmic Organelles: a. Plastids spherical/ovoid/collar- shaped/ribbon-like - can replicate types: a.1. Chloroplasts seat of photosynthesis among green plants - have green pigments: chlorophyll a & b
a.2. Chromoplasts yellow/orange/red pigments - are found in fruits and petals of flowers
a.3. Leucoplasts colorless plastids; found in epidermal cells of leaves and bulbs - types:
1. amyloplasts storage of starch 2. lipids/oil - elaioplasts 3. proteins - aleurone -plasts b. Mitochondria -ovoid/filamentous/sausage- shaped c. Dictyosomes/Golgi bodies
d. Ribosomes small, spherical or granular bodies
e. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
f. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- types:
g.1. peroxisomes isolated from leaves - contain oxidative enzymes g.2. glyoxysomes isolated from castor bean seeds - contain oxidative enzymes
h. Spherosomes
spherical organelles -size: 2 um - function: storage of lipid materials - called as lipid bodies/fat bodies/wax bodies - found in: cotyledons of many seeds 3. Nucleus
- Control center of the cell - parts: 1. Nuclear Membrane/ Nucleolemma 2. Nuclear Sap/Karyolymph 3. Nucleolus 4. Nuclear Net/Chromatin Network Ergastic Substances:
1. Water vacuoles - small or large cavities having more content than the rest of the cytoplasm - cell sap- is the fluid within;
g. Microbodies
- spherical organelles about the size of the mitochondria or smaller - size: 0.5-1.5 um - contain oxidative enzymes or hydrolytic enzymes
2. Crystals
first objects seen in plant cell - waste products or excretory materials of the protoplast - they are located inside the water vacuoles and they contain calcium oxalate 3. Stored Foods
= these materials are formed when excess foods are produced by the plant
= are broken down and utilized by the plant during periods when food is not produced in sufficient qualities or when seed germinates or when tuber sprouts to form a new plant 1. Starch Grains