Global Technology Trends in Solar PV Power :

R&D and Commercial

5
th
November, 2012
Dr. B. Bhargava

Solar Photovoltaic Energy
Solar Cells : Technology Options
Crystalline Silicon solar cells
- Single, Multi, Ribbon

Thin Film solar cells
- Silicon, a-Si, m-Si, CdTe, CIGS

Concentrating solar cells
- Si, GaAs

Dye, Organic, nano materials & other emerging solar cells


Solar Cell Best Efficiencies: World
HIGHEST SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCIES (WORLD)
TECHNOLOGY AREA EFF. GROUP
SQ. CM. %
Si SINGLE CRYSTAL 4.00 24.7 UNSW
Si MULTI CRYSTAL 1.00 20.3 FhG-ISE
a-Si SINGLE JUNCTION 1.00 12.7 SANYO
a-Si TRIPLE JUNCTION 0.27 13.5 USSC
a-Si/c-Si(nc-Si) 1.20 10.1 Kaneka
CdTe 1.00 17.3 First Solar
CIGS 1.00 19.6 NREL
Si FILMS 4.01 16.6 Stuttgart University
DYE 1.00 11.0 Sharp
Organic 1.0 10.0 Mitsubishi
GaAs (500 x) 0.4 40.7 SPECTROLAB
Si/GaAs (20 x) 0.4 42.8 Delaware Univ,


TECHNOLOGY AREA EFF. Group
SQ. CM. %
SINGLE CRYSTAL 64.00 19.7 CEL
MULTI CRYSTAL 100.00 16.8 Tata BP
a-Si SINGLE JUNCTION 1.00 12.0 IACS
a-Si MULTI JUNCTION 1.00 11.5 IACS
a-Si/c-Si(nc-Si) 1.00 9.0 IACS
CdTe 1.00 12.0 NPL
CIGS 0.41 13.0 IISC
Si FILMS 0.98 8.7 Jadavpur
Dye Sensitized 1.00 9.5 Amrita
Organic cells 1.00 6.2 NPL
Solar Cell Best Efficiencies: India
Crystalline Silicon Solar Module Efficiency
TYPICAL IN PRODUCTION

INTERNATIONAL INDIAN

SINGLE CRYSTAL 15 20.4 % 14 17 %


MULTI CRYSTAL 13 16% 13 16%


0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
World PV Production Growth
GW
World PV Market and Production: 2011
World Top 10 PV Manufacturers: 2011
3
2.8
2.4
2.3
2.2
2
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.5
LDK
Sharp
Suntech
First Solar
JA Solar
Canadian
Trina
Yangli
Hanwah
Jinko
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
GW
World: 2011 PV Equipment Suppliers
Location Capacity MWp Technology
Perovo. Ukraine 100 c-si
Sarnia, Canada 92 CdTe
Montalto di Castro, Italy 84 c-Si
Finsterwalde, Germany 83 c-Si
Ohotnikovo, Ukraine 80 c-Si
Senftenberg, Germany 78 c-Si
Lieberose, Germany 71 CdTe
Rovigo, Italy 70 c-Si
Olmedilla de Alarcn, Spain 60 c-Si
Boulder City, USA 55 CdTe
World Top 10 PV Plants: 2011
Major PV Markets : 2010 & 2011
Solar for India
Most parts of India receive
good solar radiation 4- 7
kWh/sq. m/day
Possible to meet growing
energy demands and cover
deficit areas
Can substantially reduce
consumption of kerosene
and diesel for lighting and
power generation
Provide access and
empowerment at grass root
level



15
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission is one of the
major global initiatives in promotion of solar energy
technologies, announced by the Government of India
under National Action Plan on Climate Change.
Mission aims to achieve grid tariff parity by 2022
through
- Large scale utilization and rapid diffusion and
deployment of solar technologies across the country
at a scale which leads to cost reduction
- R&D
- Local manufacturing and support infrastructure

16
JNNSM Road Map
Application segment Target for
Phase I
(2010-13)
Cumulative
Target for
Phase 2
(2013-17)
Cumulative
Target for
Phase 3
(2017-22)
Grid solar power
incl. roof top &
distribution grid
connected plants
1,000 MW

100 MW
4,000 MW
10,000 MW
20,000 MW
Off-grid solar
applications

200 MW


1,000 MW


2,000 MW


Solar collectors 7 million
sq meters
15 million
sq meters
20 million sq
meters
17
JNNSM Strategy
Graduated deployment to nucleate critical mass till costs
come down and thereafter rapid scale up

Consultative process to finalize the guidelines

Enabling policy and regulatory frame work

Supporting Utility scale power generation

Expanding off-grid applications

Accelerating Research and Development

Enhancing Domestic manufacturing base
Fiscal Incentives
100% Foreign Direct Investment
Zero Customs & Excise Duties on solar cells, modules and
many raw materials and grid power projects
5% Customs and Excise duty on many other raw materials,
components
Tax - holiday for (i) setting up units in backward and
specified areas; and (ii) grid power projects
80% accelerated depreciation in the first year for certain
capital investments
Grant for carrying out research and development and
technology validation projects

20 23
36
45
65
80
135
240
300
600
20 22
25
32
37
45
110
175
240
320
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
Year
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

i
n

M
W
Solar
Cell
PV
Module

Growth in Indian PV Production
Indian PV Industry
More than 80 companies, with installed capacity of over 1.8
GW make PV modules (As of March, 2012)

- 15 companies manufacture solar cells (> 700 MW installed
capacity)

Manufacturing of various raw materials, components,
devices and systems is coming up/expanding (Poly silicon,
wafers, glass, EVA, back sheet, grid inverters, off-grid
BoS, structures etc.)

Production capacity of 3-5 GWp likely by 2020




20



Status of PV in India

Lights
90
Pumps
14
Off grid Plants
62
Grid Plants
1044
Railways
55
Telecom
65
Others
270
Int Projects
1000
2600 MW : 53,00,000 SYSTEMS

30/09/2012
Grid Solar PV Power Plants in India
1044 MW capacity new Grid Solar Power projects
commissioned by September, 2012 in 16 States

22
Gujarat
680
Rajasthan
199
A. P.
22
Maharashtra
20
Jharkhand
16
T. N.
15
Karnataka
14
Others
80
PV Capital Cost & CERC Tariff Trends


Proposed Cost Goal for PV : 2017



PV Module : < Rs. 30 per Wp

BoS : < Rs. 25 per Wp

Cost of Electricity : ~ Rs. 4 - 6 per kWh



24
Projection for Grid Parity in India
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22
Solar
Tariff 5%
Tariff 3%
HT Tariff 3%
26
R&D Strategy
Research at Academic/ Research Institutions on materials
and devices with long-term perspective

Applied Research on existing processes and developing
new technologies

Technology Validation aimed at field evaluation of
materials, components and systems

Development of Centers of Excellence on different aspects
of Solar Energy in research and education & Testing and
Characterization

Support for Incubation and Innovation

International collaborations institutional/industrial

R&D in PV

- Focus on development of materials, devices and BOS
including storage materials and methods
- Identify research goals and thrust areas of research
- Support research across the entire value chain
- Involve industry in research and technology validation
projects
- The outcome of the research should lead to (i)
improvements in the efficiencies, (ii) reduction in the
material and energy consumption in manufacturing, (iii)
improving the reliability, quality and life expectancy of the
balance of system components.
This will lead to achieving grid tariff parity during 2015 - 2017

Recent Initiatives in PV R&D
Development of poly silicon material (Maharishi Solar)
20 -22% efficiency single crystal silicon cells (IIT-Mumbai)
10 12% efficiency nano crystalline thin film modules
(IACS-Kolkata, HHV-Bangalore, NPL-New Delhi, BES
University,-Howrah)
12- 15% efficiency CIGS cells (Moser Baer. NPL, KIIT
University)
10- 12 % efficiency Dye sensitized cells (Amrita Nano Centre,
IIT-Kanpur)
6% efficiency organic-inorganic hetero junction cells (IIT-
Delhi, Delhi University)

Recent Initiatives in PV R&D
Long term performance evaluation and training facility for Grid Solar
PV Power at KPCL, Bangalore

Long term performance evaluation and testing of solar lights at TERI
University, New Delhi

Long term performance evaluation of PV modules at SEC

Development of batteries (CECRI-SEC)

Development of inverters (IIT-B, BES University)
30
Solar Energy Centre
Solar Energy Centre (SEC) near New Delhi under the Ministry is the lead
Centre for testing and training in solar energy in the country

SEC has NABL accredited testing facilities for PV module qualification as
per Indian and International standards

SEC is imparting training in solar energy at various levels

SEC is regularly conducting international training programmes in solar
energy

Demonstration of several solar PV and thermal applications including
setting up of 1 MW capacity solar thermal simulation and validation
facility at SEC is under progress


Solar PV outdoor test bed at SEC

PV R&D Goals towards 2022

Type of Solar cell Present Status
Production
(R&D)
Conversion efficiency target(%)
2012 2017 2022
Single Crystal
silicon solar cell
15 17%
(19.7%)
18 (20) 22(24) 24 (26)

Multi Crystal
silicon solar cell
14.5 16.5%
(16.8%)
17 20(22) 22 (24)
Thin-film a-Si
solar cell
(Single/multi jn)
5 7%
(9 12%)
8 (13) 10 (14) 12 (15)

Thin-film a-
Si/mc Si or nc
tandem solar cell
(11%) 9(12) 13 (16) 16 (20)

Polycrystalline
solar cell
Cd Te (12%)
CIGS (13%)
13 (16) 18 (22)
(15) 15(20) 20(25)

PV R&D Goals towards 2022

Type of Solar cell Present Status
Production
(R&D)
Conversion efficiency target(%)
2012 2017 2022
Dye/ organic
nano based solar
cell
(3-9.5%) (5 -12) 7-9 (15) 12-15 (20)
Multi junction
Conc solar cell
GaAS group
-- 35(40) 40 (43)
Conc Cells Si - 25 (28) 27 (30)
Module Life
in years
25 25 > 30 > 35

Conclusions
Indian policies have created investment
friendly environment in the country for
entire range of activities announced under
the Mission
India centric R&D and local manufacturing
necessary to reduce the cost to achieve grid
parity preferably by 2015-17
Partnerships necessary with global
stakeholders
India to be a major global player in PV
technology


Thank You

bhargavabh@gmail.com