Anaerobic digestion

system control via fuzzy

logic
Tan Chern Yee
1000922192
Objective
To formulate dynamic mathematical model for anaerobic digestion system
Identification of important process control variable
Development of fuzzy logic controller for corresponding processes
Comparison of fuzzy logic controller against PID control in controlling the
corresponding process.

Problem statement
Missing parameters

Variable not fully quoted

Difficult to code if not proficient enough

Ode model may not be suitable for all industry


Anaerobic Digestion
Anaerobic digestion is the conversion of organic matter into methane and
carbon dioxide

Application: biochemical process such as production of antibiotics & alcohol
but more commonly used for the treatment of wastewater when incoming
COD is too high.

Eg. Dairy industry, fertilizer industry, typically for F & B industry

Oil based industry is difficult to do so, incoming COD too high and influent too
thick to be process properly difficulty to maintain.

Types of Anaerobic digesters
CSTR/CHEMOSTAT
the most basic type of anaerobic digester
Consist of a agitator
Biomass is removed continuously, causing long retention time
UASB is develop to overcome


Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor

Active microorganism are kept in the reactor due to the production of highly
flocculated, well settling, compact, sludge granules which the system is able to
produce.

It is considered as a CSTR/CHEMOSTAT which retains biomass.

Advantages:
Low RTD
Simple design
Small reactor volume required for proper effectiveness
Biogas generation easily achievable by having good mixing.
Other digester available such as anaerobic fluidized bed (AFB)
Operating conditions can be set as thermophilic or mesophilic
Problems that affects anaerobic
digestion process
pH shock(sudden drop in pH)

Volatile acid concentration too high(inhibition)

Feed overload or feed under load

Feed to Microorganism ratio too low.
Kinetic model
Monods Kinetic
U = specific growth rate
Umax = max growth rate
Ks = half velocity constant
S = concentration of growth-
limiting substrate
Ki = inhibition constant
I = inhibitor concentration
Literature Review
1. Modelling of Anaerobic digestion A review by G.Lyberatos & I.V. SKIADAS
;12/6/99

The literature consist of a review of most anaerobic digestion model until year
1999.
Shows how each model is develop via kinetic model.
The literature reviews each models inhibition when applied on monads equation.
The literature has identify similar control and start up condition for each model



2. Dynamic modelling and simulation of anaerobic digestor for high organic
strength waste by Pooja Sharma, U.K. Ghosh & A.K. Ray ; Department of Polymer
& Process Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Saharanpur
Campus, Saharanpur 247001, UP (India); Monday, November 4, 2013: 6:00 PM

The literature shows the development of anaerobic digestion model for high organic
strength waste.
Inhibition model is based on monads equation
Kinetic model is based on Andrews (1969), Hill et al. (1971) & Bello-Mendoza et al.
(1998)
Which is inhibition by total volatile fatty acid
Simulated result shows ideal digester operating conditions and bad operating conditions
Can be used to simulate operating condition of a digester in F & B industry
Simulated key parameters : CH4,acidogenic biomass, methanogenic biomass, VFA,
particulate substrate.



3. Extension of the anaerobic digestion model No. 1 (ADM1) to include phenolic
compounds biodegradation processes for the simulation of anaerobic co-digestion; by
Boubaker Fezzani, Ridha Ben Cheikh Biogas Laboratory, Industrial Engineering
Department, URSAM - Ecole Nationale dIngnieurs de Tunis, Universit Tunis El Manar,
BP. 37 Le Belvdre 1002 Tunis, Tunisia of olive mill wastes at thermophilic
temperature; Journal of Hazardous Materials 162 (2009) 15631570


The literature shows the development of existing anaerobic digestion model 1 to include
phenolic compound biodegradation process.
The general structure of the ADM1 was not changed except for the modifications related to the
introduction of phenolic compounds degradation processes into acetate and further into
methane and CO2.
Phenolic compounds are also taken into consideration into pH simulation equations.
Result of simulation from this literature shows reasonable accuracy when compared to the real
data obtain from the digester.
Model can be used to simulate phenol waste industry : steel, biodiesel, palm oil and etc.
Simulated parameters: pH,CH4,phenol.
Simulated result shows reasonable accuracy due to error in estimation of anions and cation
concentrations.
4. Physical and mathematical modelling of anaerobic digestion of organic
waste by G.Kiely, G. Tayfur, C. Dolan and K. Tanji; Civil and Enviromental
engineering department, University College Cork, Ireland and Hydrologic
science department, University of California, Davis, CA 95616. USA ; Water
Research vol 31, No. 3 pp 534-540; may 1996

Show the development of a mock reactor(CSTR) to compare simulated result with
actual result
Mock wastewater is created from household/food fraction to simulate typical
waste in Europe. Which is fed with pig slurry to allow acclimatize for 13days.
Uses monod inhibition model
inhibition by unionized acetic acid.
Simulated parameters : CH4, pH, NH4
Simulated results are accurate.
5. Dynamic modelling of anaerobic digestion by R.Moletta, D. Verrier and G.
Albagnac; Station de Technologie Alimentaure, institute National De la
Recherche Agronomique, 369 rue J Guesde 59650 Villeneuve D Ascq, France;
Water Research Vol 20. No.5 pp427-434; Dec 1984

Model accuracy is tested with pea bleaching and synthetic substrate containing
sucrose and organic acid.
Inhibition by VFA(acetic acid)
Death rate is considered as zero as experiment time is short
Takes digestion model to be a two step process.
Acidogenic bacteria -> Glucose -> acetate
Methanogenic bacteria -> Methane and CO2
Result show accurate production of CH4 with experimental data



7. A Dynamic model for simulation of animal waste digestion by D.T. Hill,
University of floride, Gainesville and C.L. Barth, Clemson University, Clemson,
South Carolina; Water Pollution Control Federation) Vol. 49, No. 10 (Oct.,
1977), pp. 2129-2143.

Inhibition by unionized volatile fatty acid and unionized NH3
pH simulation is done via mass balance of CO2 system
Simulation result is then compared with 12 reactors
Simulation can be adjusted to change with temperature using henrys gas law
Result shown are satisfactory when compared to actual small scale reactor



My model
dXa/dt=Ua.Xa-Kd.Xa
Ua=Uamax/(1 + kxa/s + Ah/Kiax)
dS/dt=D.(Sinf-S)-
(Ua.Xa)/Ya+(Ua.Xa)/Yso
Ah= AH+/Kc
dA/dt=D(Ainf-A) + Ua.Xa/Yva
Um.Xm/Ym
dXm/dt = Um.Xm-Kdm.Xm
Um = Ummax/1+ (Kxm/Ah) +
(Ah/Kixm) + (NH3.Mnh3/Kiam)
dCH4/dt=Vmmax.Xm(Ah/Ah+Km)
dCO2/dt=D(CO2in-CO2+HCO3in-
HCO3)+Rm+Rac+Raf-Rz-Rnh4+Rt
Rm=UmXmYco2/Mx
Rac=Da/dt(1/Mx)
Raf=Ua.Xa.Yco2/Mx
H = Kco2Co2/HCO3-

Rz=DZ/dt
dZ/dt=D(Zin-Z) + Ua.Xa.Ycat
Rnh4=D(NH4in-NH4)+Ua.Xa.Ynh4+Rnh4.Mnh4
dPnh4/dt=-Tp.Sv.Vrec.Rnh4/Vgsv Pnh3Q/Vgsv
Q=Qnh3+QCh4+Qco2
Qnh3=-Sv.Vrec.Rnh3
Qch4=(SV.Vrec)(Um.Xm.Ych4)(1/Mch4)
Qco2=-Sv.Vrec.Rt
Rt=KLA(Khco2.Pco2-CO2)
dPco2/dt=-(Tp.Sv.Vrec.Rt/Vgsc)-(Pco2Q/Vgsc)
HCO3-=Z+ + NH4/Mnh4 Ah/Mo
NH3=NH4.Knh4/H+Mnh4


9 ODEs
19 supporting equations
Subsystem
Subsystem
Result
Legend shows
flow rate
adjusted without
a controller
The Controller
Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy logic AI
Which simulates human like responses in order to control the process
Fuzzy logic is divided into 3 parts
Fuzzification
which categorizes the parameter monitored as both small & big at a different
degree. (fuzzy sets & rules)
Inference-
The controller then applies if and then rules using the fuzzy set to adjust the
manipulated variable
Defuzzification-
The AI here then will balance set rules to come out with proper result

My next step
To remodel the process using matlab code instead of using Simulink
To able to simulate pH and NH3 concentration graph



Q & A