Smart Energy

Mix
Congres
Donderdag
12 oktober 2006
Hogeschool
Windesheim Zwolle
KIVI NIRIA. Van techniek tot toekomst.

Brandstofefficiency voor
stadsbussen

Ing. Arjan Heinen
KIVI NIRIA. Van techniek tot toekomst.
Vehicle weight = 1000 KG
Constant Speed = 50Km/h

1. This car needs 1 kW of power

2. This car needs 5 kW of power

3. This car needs 10 kW of power

4. This car needs 20 kW of power
What do you feel is right
How much energy or force is needed at a speed of 50 km/hour?

SUV weight = 1000 KG
Rolling Resistance 10 kg/ton = 10 KG
Wheel Radius = 0.3 m
Necessary torque - 10 x 0.3 x 9.8 = 30 Nm
Distance @ 50 km/h - 50,000/60 = 833 m/min
RPM @ 50 km/h - 833m/(0.6m x 3.14) = 443 RPM

System Efficiency Theory
How much energy or force is needed at a speed of 50 km/hour?

.
Power = Torque (Nm) x Speed (RPM) / 9550

Power needed to operate an SUV @ 50km/hour

kW = 30 x 443 / 9550 = 1,34 kW or 1,82 hp

Mechanical Requirement 1,39 kW or 1,82 hp
Auxiliaries and Air Resistance 0,79 kW or 0,81 hp
Total Power Consumption 2,00 kW or 2,58 hp

That is roughly the power of 1,5 coffee machines.
System Efficiency Theory
How much energy or force is needed at a speed of 50 km/hour?

The specific fuel consumption of a motor is 0.275 liter per kW
Specific means fuel in - power out, including efficiency of the motor.

The fuel consumption to operate a vehicle @ 50km/hour for one hour

Fuel Consumption = 0.275 (liter/kW) x 2,18 kW= 0,6 liter.

Theoretically such a car should have a fuel consumption of:

1,2 liter/100km or 84 km/liter

System Efficiency Theory
How much energy or force is needed at a speed of 50 km/hour?

Reality Check Theory versus Fact
Manufacturers specified Gearbox Efficiency: 95%

Fuel consumption should therefore be:

kWh / Efficiency x SFC for 100 km = 2,18 / 0.95 x 0.275 x 2 =

1,25 liter/100 km or 80 km/liter

In reality fuel consumption of this vehicle @ 50km/hour is about:

5,5 liter/100km or 18,1 km/liter.

Actual Gearbox Efficiency @ 50 km/h:

(1,25 x 0.95) / 5,5 x 100 = 21%
Vehicle weight = 1000 KG
Constant Speed = 50Km/h



1. This car needs 1,34 kW of power


What do you feel is right
How much energy or force is needed at a speed of 50 km/hour?

e-Traction

System Performance
TNO Road-tests* confirm Whisper's
energy consumption
* Since March 2005 in simulated passenger service.
liters/100 km km per liter
e-Traction

System City 15.0 6.7

Highway 12.8 7.8
Classic technology City 45.0 2.2
Highway 33.0 3.3
e-Traction

System Performance
Mitsubishi Colt EV test car uses in-wheel motors & lithium-ion batteries.
energy consumption comparison

liters/100 km km per liter
e-Traction

System
City
@50km/uur
1,2 84
Highway
@ 80km/uur
3,2 31,3
Classic technology
City
@50km/uur
5,5 18,1
Highway
@ 80km/uur
5,5 18,1
e-Traction

System Innovations
Emission reduction: a function of reduced energy consumption,
the e-Mission Particle Eliminator and a silent APU
APU (generator)
Traction System
Pollution control
Batteries
Computerized
Energy Mgt.
Annual CO
2
Emission Reduction
e-Traction

powered Whisper Bus

Emissions are to a large extend a function of fuel consumption, thus

Annual Fuel Savings: (annual mileage current km/l) - (annual mileage Whisper km/l)

for example: (90,000 km 2 km/l) - (90,000 6) = 30,000 liters per year

Annual CO
2
emission reduction: @ 2.648 kg per liter of diesel

79.4 metric tons per year
* Currently in testing already achieving a greater than 80% reduction
The Whisper produces only (100% - 66.7%) * 0.8 = 6.7% of the PM
2.5
particles of an average Dutch city bus.
Particle Reduction of e-Traction

powered Bus
(with 66.7% reduction in fuel-consumption and e-Mission Particle Eliminator*)
Roof-mounted container with cyclones, muffler and electronic controls
Receptacles collect carbon
deposits that only need
to be emptied periodically
TheWheel: an Electric Direct Drive Wheel-hub Traction-system
The primary Source of Energy Conservation
90+% of the energy used actually reaches the contact patch with the road
The only moving part!
Tire
Rim
Energy Output @ Contact Patch
VDC Energy Input
90+%
Easy mechanical connection to the vehicles. (Quick connects.)
Easy wiring (power supply 2 cables and command through Can bus). (Quick connects.)
Complete drive train in the wheels itself. (no gears).
Complete Power electronics in the wheel itself.
Very high efficiency. (especially @ low speed).
Noise free operation. (variable frequency).
Wheels are sold state. (no maintenance).
Torque control. (speed control available)
Traction control, ABS, Anti rollback, dynamic handbrake, EPS. (implemented by software)
Regenerative braking (less brake wear.).
Dynamic differential.
4 independent drives and Thus more reliability.
Advantages of
in wheel direct drive
e-Traction

Direct-Drive Product Range

e-Traction

SM350/1, TheWheel SM500/1, SM500/2 and SM700/3

e-Traction

Low Floor Rear Axle

Compatible with commonly used designs
90 cm wide aisle, 50 cm above surface @ 15 cm ground clearance
Light weight composite e-Traction

Bus
Fuel consumption certified by TNO
Who decides if this revolution is going to work.
Lets have a closer look at the stakeholders in the chain of
those how will benefit from innovations.



3 different groups can be identified.
Who decides if this revolution is going to work.
Group number 1
High Priority

A: Inhabitants of cities and bus users.
B: Local Governments
C: Regional Governments / Central Government

Cleaner air.
Less noise.
Lower cost of health care.
Lower cost of transportation.
Who decides if this revolution is going to work.
Group number 2
No high Priority
A: Bus operators
B: Bus builders
Risk of innovation.
No back up from the authorities.
No incentive because rules are not necessary to fulfill.
Afraid of cost increase in service and maintenance.
Strong demand in reliability from authorities.
No guarantee that they can keep fuel reduction.
Who decides if this revolution is going to work.
Group number 3
No Priority at all
A: Chassis manufacturing.
B: Suppliers of classic technology (motor/gearboxes) (e-Traction)
C: Producer of Hardware like bolts en nuts .


Risk of innovation.
No connection with the authorities.
Production cost will be higher.
Strong demand in reliability from busbuilder and operators.
Do not benefit from fuel and maintenance reduction.
Have to school new generation of service and maintenance personnel.

Group number 1 decides if this revolution is
going to work.
High Priority
A: Inhabitants of cities and bus users.
Clean air
less noise
Healthier cities

B: Local / Regional Governments
Lower cost of transportation

C: Central Government
Lower cost of transportation
Lower costs of healthcare
Complying to Kyoto rules
Complying to EU regulations

Discussieer mee op

www.DeIngenieurs.nl
KIVI NIRIA. Van techniek tot toekomst.