Figure 1.9.

General
approach to design.
After [1.191]
DISEO CONCEPTUAL
Example,:

Consider the improvement of a labyrinth seal in a high-speed turbine in
accordance with a set of requirements.




The task is described in detail by means of a requirements list and the
formulation of the goal to be achieved.


Abstraccin y extensin sistemtica del problema.





In the abstracting approach, the crux of the task would not so much be the
design of a labyrinth seal as that of a


shaft seal without physical contact,



Abstraccin y extensin sistemtica del problema.



Attention must be paid to:

certain operating and spatial constraints,

cost limits and

delivery times.

Abstraccin y extensin sistemtica del problema.
Specifically, the designer should ask whether the crux is:


to improve the technical functions, e.g. the sealing quality or safety


to reduce weight or space


to significantly lower costs


to significantly shorten delivery times


to improve production methods.
Abstraccin y extensin sistemtica del problema.
All of these questions might have to be satisfied by the overall solution, but
their importance may differ from case to case.


Nevertheless, due regard must be paid to each of them, since any one of
them is likely to provide the impetus for the discovery of a new and better
solution principle.

New developments involving a proven solution principle, coupled to
modifications in production methods, are often imposed by the need to lower
costs and shorten delivery times.

Thus, if an improvement in the sealing properties were the crucial
requirement in the example we have mentioned, new sealing systems would
have to be found.


Abstraccin y extensin sistemtica del problema.
Figure 6.2. The present
method of filling, storing
and loading bags of feed.
After [6.5]
Abstraccin y extensin sistemtica del problema.
Using abstraction and the systematic extension of what is already
known about the task.


The following problem formulations are possible, each representing a
higher level of abstraction than the last:


Abstraccin y extensin sistemtica del problema.
1. Filling, weighting, closing and stacking bags of feed.


2. Transferring feed from the mixing silo to stacked bags in the warehouse.


3. Transferring feed from the mixing silo to bags on the delivery truck.


4. Transferring feed from the mixing silo to the delivery truck.


5. Transferring feed from the mixing silo to a delivery system.


6. Transferring feed from the mixing silo to the consumers storage bins.


7. Transferring feed from ingredient containers to consumers storage bins.


8. Transferring feed ingredients from their source to the consumer.
Abstraccin y extensin sistemtica del problema.
Figure 6.3. Alternative formulations of the feed distribution problem, illustrating progressively
broader formulations of a problem. After [6.5]. A = initial state; B = final state
Abstraccin y extensin sistemtica del problema.
It may prove expedient not only to set up task-specific functions,
but also to elaborate the function structure from

generally valid subfunctions


The latter recur in technical systems, and may be helpful when searching for a
solution.

They may lead to the discovery of task-specific subfunctions or because design
catalogues may list solutions for them.


Defining generally valid functions can also be of use when varying function
structures, for example to optimize the energy, material and signal flows.



The following list and examples should be helpful in this regard.
Funciones generalmente validas
Figure 2.7. Generally valid functions derived from the characteristics type, magnitude, number, place
and time for the conversion of energy, materials and signals
Funciones generalmente validas
Conversion of energy:

Changing energy (e.g. electrical into mechanical energy)

Varying energy components (e.g. amplifying torque)

Connecting energy with a signal (e.g. switching on electrical energy)

Channelling energy (e.g. transferring power)

Storing energy (e.g. storing kinetic energy)



Funciones generalmente validas
Conversion of material:

Changing matter (e.g. liquefying a gas)

Varying material dimensions (e.g. rolling sheet metal)

Connecting matter with energy (e.g. moving parts)

Connecting matter with signal (e.g. cutting off steam)

Connecting different types of materials (e.g. mixing or separating materials)

Channelling material (e.g. mining coal)

Storing material (e.g. keeping grain in a silo)


Funciones generalmente validas
Conversion of signals:

Changing signals (e.g. changing amechanical into an electrical signal, or a
continuous into an intermittent signal)

Varying signal magnitudes (e.g. increasing a signals amplitude)

Connecting signals with energy (e.g. amplifying measurements)

Connecting signals with matter (e.g. marking materials)

Connecting signals with signals (e.g. comparing target values with actual
values)

Channelling signals (e.g. transferring data)

Storing signals (e.g. in databases)
Funciones generalmente validas
Figure 6.9. a Function structure of a potato harvesting mach2.7ine b For comparison:
diagram with generally valid functions based on [6.1], Figure
Funciones generalmente validas
There are, however, some problems in which variation of the main flow alone cannot lead
to a solution,

because auxiliary flows have a crucial bearing on the design and are solution-determining.

As an example, let us consider the function structure of a potato harvesting machine.


Figure 6.9a shows the overall function and the function structure based on the flow of
material (the main flow) and the auxiliary flows of energy and signals.







In Figure 6.9b, by comparison, the function structure is represented by means of generally
valid functions, in order to emphasise the clear interrelationship of the different flows.
Funciones generalmente validas
Solution Finding Methods

The main advantage of the systematic approach is that designers do not have to rely on
coming up with a good idea at the right moment. Solutions can be systematically
elaborated using the relevant methods.

An optimal solution:
fulfils all demands in the requirements list as well as most of the wishes
can be realised by the company within the constraints of budget (target costing), time-
to-market, production facilities, etc.

Several steps are required to realise such a solution.

First, a range of possible solutions for the given task has to be generated. The basis for
this is the function structure (see Section 2.1.3) that is used to divide the overall task into
manageable subtasks.
The function structure also provides the functional interrelationship between the
subtasks, by describing the relationship between the inputs and outputs of each
subfunction with respect to the flows of material, energy and signals.

In a second step, one or more possible physical effects are assigned to each of these
solution-neutral subfunctions in order to realise them.

This is done in accordance with the task-specific requirements. To realize a certain force,
for example, a physical effect with the appropriate capability needs to be selected. The
approach described thus far typifies the traditional approach of an engineer. A solution
space is created because variants are generated while developing the function structure
and when selecting physical effects.

The use of a combination of solution-finding methods can be used to extend the solution
space.

Solution Finding Methods
Often a subfunction can only be realized through a combination of several physical
effects. This is another reason to use several solution finding methods.

Those that are proposed or described in the following sections originate from, among
others, the area of creativity techniques with its generally recurring methods that are
described in Section 2.2.5. Others are based on analogical or logical reasoning.


Conventional Methods

1. Information Gathering
For designers, access to state-of-the-art information is essential. The internet enables a
more effective and efficient application of the following conventional techniques:
searching the literature
analysing trade publications
surveying the presentations from exhibitions and fairs
assessing catalogues of competitors
exploring patents, etc.

Solution Finding Methods
2. Analysis of Natural Systems

The study of natural forms, structures, organisms and processes can lead to
very useful and novel technical solutions. The connections between biology
and technology are investigated by bionics and biomechanics.

Nature can stimulate the creative imagination of designers in a host of different
ways.

The hooks of a burr provided a solution that was incorporated into the Velcro
fastener (see Figure 3.10).

Solution Finding Methods
Figure 3.10. a Hooks of a burr. b Velcro fastener. After [3.29]
Solution Finding Methods
Velcro
Las dos cintas del cierre de velcro: cinta con ganchos y cinta con fibras enmaraadas en bucle.

Funcionamiento
El sistema de cierre y apertura es rpido y sencillo. Consiste en dos cintas de tela que deben fijarse
en las superficies a unir mediante cosido o pegado. Una de las cintas posee unas pequeas pas
flexibles que acaban en forma de gancho y que por simple presin se enganchan a la otra cinta
cubierta de fibras enmaraadas que forman bucles y que permiten el agarre.
[1]

[2]


Historia
Detalle de los ganchos en las espinas del fruto de la bardana (Arctium lappa)
Se cuenta que en 1941, tras venir de un paseo por el campo con su perro,(laray anto) el ingeniero
suizo George de Mestral descubri lo complicado que resultaba desenganchar de sus pantalones y
del pelo de su perro los frutos de algunos cardos Arctium conocidos como umpalumpas.. bardana
(Arctium lappa y Arctium minus) -otra planta con ganchos similares es Xanthium spinosum-, ambas
popularmente conocidas, entre otros nombres, como arrancamoos. Tras comprobar la existencia de
un gancho en el final de sus pas o espinas se puso manos a la obra e invent un sistema de cierre
con dos cintas: el velcro.
[1]


Origen del trmino
La palabra velcro proviene del francs velours (terciopelo) y crochet (gancho).



Las dos cintas del cierre de velcro: cinta con
ganchos y cinta con fibras enmaraadas en
bucle.

3. Analysis of Existing Technical Systems

The analysis of existing technical systems is one of the most important means
of generating new or improved solution variants in a step-by-step manner.


Existing systems used for analysis might include:

products or production methods from competing companies

older products and production methods from ones own company

similar products or assemblies in which some subfunctions or parts of the
function structure correspond to those for which a solution is being sought.


Solution Finding Methods
Next example illustrates the derivation of function structures by the analysis of
existing systems.


This method is particularly suitable for developments, in which at least

one solution with the appropriate function structure is known,

and the main problem is the discovery of better solutions.
Figure 6.10 shows the steps used in the analysis of a flow control valve.

A typical onoff switch, showing the individual tasks of the various elements
and the subfunctions satisfied by the system.

The function structure can be derived from the subfunctions and then varied in
order to improve the product.
Anlisis de sistemas existentes.
Figure 6.10. Analysis of a flow control valve with respect to its function structure
4. Analogies
In the search for solutions and in the analysis of system properties, it is often
useful to substitute an analogous problem (or system) for the one under
consideration, and to treat it as a model. In technical systems, analogies may
be obtained, for instance, by changing the type of energy used

Analogies chosen from the nontechnical sphere may prove very useful as well.



5. Measurements and Model Tests
Measurements on existing systems, model tests supported by similarity
analyses and other experimental studies are among the most important
sources of information.
Solution Finding Methods
IntuitiveMethods
Designers often seek and discover solutions for difficult problems by intuition
that is, solutions come to them in a flash after a period of search and reflection.
These solutions suddenly appear as conscious thoughts and often their origins
cannot be traced.

The good idea is not discovered or undiscovered; it comes, it happens.

It is then developed, modified and amended, until such time as it leads to the

An industrial concern should nevertheless beware of exclusive reliance on the
intuition of its designers, nor should designers themselves leave everything to
chance or rare inspiration. Purely intuitive methods have the following
disadvantages:
The right idea does not always come at the right time, since it cannot be
forced.
Current conventions and personal prejudices may inhibit original
developments.
Because of inadequate information, new technologies or procedures may fail
to reach the consciousness of the designer.
Solution Finding Methods
These dangers increase with specialisation, the division of tasks and with time
pressure.

There are several methods of encouraging intuition and opening new paths by
the association of ideas.

Brainstorming
Method 635
Gallery Method
Delphi Method
Combination of Methods

Solution Finding Methods
Velcro. Detalle de ganchos y fibras.
Velcro. Detalle de los ganchos en las espinas del fruto de la bardana (Arctium lappa)