Module 05 Common Pelagic Fish Species-Gina-Jean

Module 5.
PELAGIC FISHES
NATIONAL STOCK ASSESSMENT PROGRAM (NSAP) STANDARD
TRAINING FOR ENUMERATORS
Outline
Pelagic fishes defined
Two main groups
Large pelagics
Swordfishes, billfishes (Family Xiphiidae and
Istiophoridae)
Dolphinfish (Family Coryphaenidae)
A focus on TUNAS, Thunnus spp. (Family
Scombridae)
Module 5. Pelagic Fishes
Outline

Small pelagics
Belonidae
Caesionidae
Carangidae
Clupeidae
Engraulidae
Exocoetidae
Hemiramphidae
Menidae
Scombridae
Sphyraenidae
Trichiuridae
Note: The dominant families and representative
species may be modified to be region- or area-
specific
Pelagic fishes: Definition

Pelagic fishes are diverse group of fishes that live at
the upper layer of the water column
Use simplified
diagram

Pelagic fishes: Two main classifications
Large pelagics Small pelagics
LARGE PELAGICS
Pelagic fishes: Large pelagics
Family Xiphiidae
Family Istiophoridae
Upper jaw prolonged into
a long bill, flat oval in
cross section
Upper jaw prolonged into
a long spear, round in
cross section
pelvic fin caudal keels
Diagnostic
characteristics
Upper jaw prolonged
into a long bill, flat oval
in cross-section
Two widely separate
dorsal fins in adults, the
first with 38 to 45 soft
rays and the second
with 4 or 5 soft rays
A large median keel
present on each side of
caudal peduncle
A large and deep notch
on both upper and
lower profiles of caudal
peduncle
Pelvic fins absent
Xiphias gladius
Swordfish
(malasugi)
Family Xiphiidae
One large
median keel
on each side
Family Istiophoridae
Istiophorus platypterus
Indo-pacific sailfish
(malasugi)
Istiomplax indica (Makaira indica)
Black marlin
(local name)
Makaira mazara
Indo-pacific blue marlin
(local name)
about 15 obscure
vertical bars on body
pectoral fins rigid,
cannot be folded back
to sides of body
sail like first dorsal fin
Pelvic fin rays
long, almost
reaching to anus
Family Coryphaenidae
Coryphaena equiselis
Pompano dolphinfish
(dorado)
Coryphaena hippurus
Common dolphinfish
(dorado)
Diagnostic
characteristics
body elongate and
fusiform
two dorsal fins
finlets present behind
dorsal and anal fins
caudal fin deeply
forked
at least 2 small keels
on each side of caudal
peduncle, a larger keel
in between in many
species
in some species,
corselet developed
(area behind head and
around pectoral fins
covered with
moderately large, thick
scales)
Family Scombridae
*60 cm FL
*60-80 cm FL
*150 cm FL
*90 cm FL
Tunas
Other Scombrids
*20 cm FL
*Common Length
A focus on TUNAS, Thunnus spp.
Thunnus albacares and Thunnus
obesus
a
Diagnostic
characteristics
a. pectoral fins are
straight and stiff

Thunnus albacares, Yellowfin tuna
(bariles/tambakol)
b. two distinctly
raised ridges
present in caudal
fin that form the
V or M notch
c. bright yellow
finlets with no or
slight black
edging
Dorsal view
b
c
Diagnostic
characteristics
Thunnus albacares, Yellowfin tuna
(bariles/tambakol)
e. right lobe of liver
longer and
thinner than
rounded medial
and left lobes;
lobes smooth, no
striations
d. swim bladder
occupies entire
body cavity
d e
Diagnostic
characteristics
a. pectoral fins form
smooth arc with
floppy tips
Thunnus obesus, Big-eye tuna
(bariles/tambakol)
a
b. central area of
caudal fin flat with
two
inconspicuous low
mounds present
c. yellowish finlets
edged with black
b
c
Dorsal view
Diagnostic
characteristics
d. swim bladder
occupies entire
body cavity
Thunnus obesus, Big-eye tuna
(bariles/tambakol)
e. liver with 3
rounded lobes of
about equal size;
ventral surface
striated
d
e
To the untrained eye, Yellowfin and Bigeye
Tunas are often difficult to tell apart!
Dont worry, there are
features that we can look
at to help us in their
identification
Yellowfin vs Bigeye Tunas: Comparison by
external characteristics
Bigeye (~ 34 cm)
Longer, pointed pectoral fin
Irregular, white lines across
body
Large head, deep body, large
eye
Dusky colored tail
Yellowfin (~ 33 cm)
Short, blunt pectoral fin
Closely spaced markings of
lines and rows of dots in
chevron pattern extending to
insertion of pectoral fin
Shorter, smaller head, small,
round eye
Yellowish tail
Yellowfin (~ 56 cm)
Long, narrow body, small head, small eye
Closely spaced, chevron pattern of alternating lines
and rows of spots clearly visible to below pectoral fin
Bigeye (~ 56cm)
Large, deep head, large eye, deeply rounded body
Long pectoral fin with thin, pointed tip
Vertical, widely spaced irregular white lines
Bigeye (93 cm)
Rounded, deep body outline, large, deep head, large
eye
Long pectoral fin, thin tip pointing ventrally
Flat trailing edge of tail
Yellowfin (96 cm)
Long, narrow body, straight outline behind 2
nd
dorsal fin
Thick, relatively short, blade-like pectoral fin
Small head and eye
Notch in center of tail
Bigeye (99 cm)
Deep, rounded body outline, large, deep head, large
eye
Long pectoral fin, thin, pointed, wavy tip
Trailing edge of caudal fin flat
Yellowfin (104 cm)
Long, narrow body, straight behind 2
nd
dorsal fin, small head and eye
Evenly spaced lines and rows of uniform dots
Noticeable V notch in caudal fin with two raised areas
2
nd
dorsal and anal fins beginning to elongate
Thunnus alalunga and Thunnus
tonggol
Diagnostic
characteristics
a. colourless
pectoral fins long,
reach way past
second dorsal
and anal fins
Thunnus alalunga, Albacore tuna
(tambakol)
b. back edge of
caudal fin white
or colorless
Diagnostic
characteristics
a. pectoral fins barely
reach space
between dorsal fins
Thunnus tonggol, Longtail tuna
(tambakol)
b. second dorsal fin
taller than first
dorsal fin
c. 9 dorsal finlets and
8 anal finlets
d. body slender,
especially towards
caudal fin
e. faint rows of
colourless spots
along belly
livr
Other Scombridae
Family Scombridae
Rastrelliger brachysoma
Short-bodied mackerel
(hasa-hasa)
Rastrelliger faughni
Island mackerel
(alumahan)
Rastrelliger kanagurta
Indian mackerel
(alumahan)
Body very deep; head
length equal to body
depth; Gill rakers very
long, visible when
mouth is opened
Body moderately
deep; head length
longer than body
depth; Gill rakers very
long, visible when
mouth is opened
Body slim; Gill rakers
short, not visible
when mouth is
opened
2 rows of prominent spots at base of first dorsal
fin, visible from above
black blotch behind
pectoral-fin base
1 or 2 rows of small, dark spots on sides
of dorsal-fin bases
black spot on body near lower
margin of pectoral fins
Pelagic fishes: Small pelagics
Family Scombridae
Scomber australasicus
Spotted chub mackerel
(alumahang bato)
Scomber japonicus
Chub mackerel
(alumahang bato)
oblique lines which zigzag
crossed faint wavy lines
thin wavy, broken lines which appear as speckling
sometimes with numerous dusky, rounded blotches
Family Scombridae
Auxis rochei rochei
Bullet tuna
(tulingan)
Auxis thazard thazard
Frigate tuna
(tulingan)
Corselet is well developed in its posterior part
(more than 6 scales wide under second dorsal-
fin origin)
Corselet is well developed and narrow in its posterior
part (no more than 5 scales wide under second dorsal-
fin origin) OR does not reach second dorsal fin origin
Dark spot connected
Dark spot
separated
Pattern of 15 or more fairly
broad, nearly vertical dark
bars
Pattern of 15 or more narrow, oblique
to nearly horizontal, dark wavy lines
4 to 6 horizontal lines on
belly
Family Scombridae
Euthynnus affinis
Kawakawa
(local name)
Katsuwonus pelamis
Skipjack tuna
(gulyasan)
Back spots
Narrow interspace
Family Scombridae
Scomberomorus commerson
Narrow-barred spanish mackerel
(tangige)
Scomberomorus guttatus
Indo-pacific king mackerel
(tangige)
Acanthocybium solandri
Wahoo
(tangige)
Maxilla exposed
Maxilla concealed
Family Scombridae
Sarda orientalis
Striped bonito
(tambakol)
Gymnosarda unicolor
Dogtooth tuna
(tambakol)
5 to 11 dark dorsal
longitudinal stripes
Very wavy lateral
line
Grammatorcynus bilinetaus
Double lined-mackerel
(Alumahang Bato)
Family Scombridae
Scomberomorus queenslandicus
Queensland school mackerel
(Tanigue)
Scomberomorus semifasciatus
Broad-barred king mackerel
(Hasa-hasa)
Scomberomorus munroi
Australian spotted mackerel
(Bariles)
SMALL PELAGICS
Family Belonidae
Tylosurus acus melanotus
Agujon needlefish
(balo/kambabalo)
Ablennes hians
Flat needlefish
(balo/kambabalo)
Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus
Hound needlefish
(balo/kambabalo)
Strongylura leiura
Yellowfin needlefish
(balo/kambabalo)
Bony appendage of some
specimens
Distinct black lateral
keel on caudal
peduncle
Teeth point forward
No lateral keel on
caudal peduncle
Platybelone argalus platyura
Keeltail needlefish

Tylosurus gavialoides
Stout longtom
Kambabalo

Family Belonidae
Family Caesionidae
Caesio cuning
Redbelly yellowtail fusilier
(dalagang bukid)
Caesio lunaris
Lunaris fusilier
(dalagang bukid)
Caesio caerulaurea
Blue and gold fusilier
(dalagang bukid)
Caesio teres
Yellow and blueback fusilier
(dalagang bukid)
Family Caesionidae
Pterocaesio chrysozona
Goldband fusilier
(local name)
Pterocaesio digramma
Doublelined fusilier
(local name)
Pterocaesio marri
Marrs fusilier
(local name)
Pterocaesio pisang
Banana fusilier
(local name)
Bright yellow band directly
below lateral line
Family Caesionidae
Pterocaesio randalli
Randalls fusilier
(local name)
Dipterygonotus balteatus
Mottled fusilier
(local name)
Pterocaesio tile
Darkbanded fusilier
(local name)
Pterocaesio trilineata
Threestripe fusilier
(local name)
Lateral line covered by
black strpe
Large yellow blotch
Family Carangidae
6 Common Decapterus species, Roundscads (local:
galonggong) caught in Philippine waters
Decapterus macrosoma
Shortfin scad
Decapterus russelli
Indian scad
Decapterus macarellus
Mackerel scad
Decapterus maruadsi
Japanese scad
Decapterus tabl
Roughear scad
Decapterus kurroides
Redtail scad
Dusky brown tail Yellowish tail Reddish tail
Family Carangidae
Family Carangidae
Family Carangidae
Family Carangidae
Family Carangidae
Carangoides hedlandensis
Bumpnose trevally
Talakitok

Carangoides malabaricus
Malabar trevally
Sala-salamin/talakitok
Carangoides orthogrammus
Island trevally
Talakitok
Carangoides talaparoides
Imposter trevally
Talakitok

Carangoides crysos
Blue runner

Carangoides hippos
Crevalle jack

Family Carangidae
Caranx ignobilis
Giant trevally
Maliputo
Caranx melampygus
Bluefin trevally
Talakitok/Maliputo
Caranx papuensis
Brassy trevally
Pampano/Talakitok
Caranx sexfasciatus
Bigeye trevally
Maliputo/Talakitok
Caranx tille
Tille trevally
Bulubukto/Talakitok
Decapterus akaadsi

Family Carangidae
Decapterus muroadsi
Amberstripe scad
Galunggong
Elagatis bipinnulata
Rainbow runner
Salmon
Megalaspis cordyla
Torpedo scad
Oriles/Pampano

Pseudocaranx dentex
White trevally
Duhay/Laparan
Scomberoides lysan
Doublespotted queenfish
Lapis
Scomberoides tala
Barred queenfish
Lapis
Family Carangidae
Scomberoides tol
Needlescaled queenfish
Lapis/Talang-talang
Seriola dumerili
Needlescaled queenfish
Lapis/Talang-talang
Seriola lalandi
Yellowtail amberjack
Trachinotus baillonii
Small spotted dart
Pampano/Talakitok
Family Carangidae
Ulua mentalis
Longrakered trevally
Piaka/Talakitok
Scomberoides commersonnianus
Family Carangidae
Decapterus macrosoma
Shortfin scad
Decapterus russelli
Indian scad
Dusky brown tail
supramaxilla
maxilla
supramaxilla
maxilla
Family Carangidae
Decapterus macarellus
Mackerel scad
Decapterus maruadsi
Japanese scad
Yellowish tail
White membrane in upper jaw palate
Family Carangidae
Decapterus tabl
Roughear scad
Decapterus kurroides
Redtail scad
Reddish tail
supramaxilla
maxilla
supramaxilla
maxilla
Family Carangidae
Selar boops
Oxeye scad
(matangbaka)
Selar
crumenophthalmus
Bigeye scad
(matangbaka)
Scutes thick and long
Scutes small and short
Big eye
Family Carangidae
Alepes djedaba, Shrimp
scad
(salaysalay)
Atule mate, Yellowtail scad
(kalapato)
Megalaspis cordyla, Hardtail
(oriles)
Selaroides leptolepis, Yellowstripe
scad
(salaysalay ginto)
Yellow stripe
Black opercular
spot
Terminal ray of
not finlet-like
Terminal ray of
finlet-like
Large scutes
Finlets
Family Carangidae
Jacks, Trevally (local: talakitok)
Alectis indicus
Indian threadfish
(local name)
Caranx
ignobilis
Trevally
(local name)
Carangoides
ferdau
Trevally
(local name)
Ulua mentalis
(local name)
Gnathanodon
speciosus
Golden trevally
(local name)
Uraspis uraspis
Whitemouth jack
(local name)
Elagatis bipinnulata
Rainbow runner
(salmon)
Scomberoides lysan
Queenfish
(lapis, dorado)
Seriolina nigrofasciata
Blackbanded trevally
(tonto)
Naucrates ductor
Pilotfish
(local name)
Parastromateus niger
Black pomfret
(local name)
Family Carangidae
No scutes
No scutes
No scutes
No scutes
18-19 weak scutes,
forming slight keel
Family Clupeidae
Sardinella gibbosa
Goldstripe sardinella
(tamban)
Sardinella fimbriata
Fringescale sardinella
(tamban, lapad)
Amblygaster sirm
Spotted sardinella
(tunsoy)
Sardinella lemuru
Bali sardinella
(tunsoy)
Dark spot on
dorsal fin origin
Blackish caudal fin
Dark black spot at gill cover edge;
golden spot behind operculum
Lateral series of 10 to 20
dark bluish gold spots
golden midlateral
line down flank
Family Clupeidae
Dussumieria acuta
Rainbow sardine
(tulis)
Dussumieria elopsoides
Slender rainbow sardine
(tulis)
Anodontostoma chacunda
Chacunda gizzard shad
(kabasi)
Nematolosa nasus
Blochs gizzard shad
(kabasi)
Family Clupeidae
Sardinella longiceps
Indian oil sardine
Tamban/Tunsoy
Amblygaster leiogaster
Smoothbelly sardinella
Tamban
Herlotsichthys quadrimaculatus
Bluestripe herring
Tunsoy
Spratelloides robustus
Fringe-scale round herring

Spratelloides gracili
Silver-stripe rounde herring
Dilis
Sardinella melanura
Blacktip sardinella
Tamban/Lao-lao
Family Engraulidae
Anchovies
(dilis, tuakang)
Stolephorus
Pre-pelvic scutes
Pointed
maxilla
Engraulis
No pre-pelvic scutes
Rounded
maxilla
Encrasicholina Thryssa
Pre-pelvic scutes
Pointed
maxilla
Family Engraulidae
Stolephorus commersonnii
Commersons anchovy
Munamon/Dilis
Stolephorus indicus
Indian anchovy
Dilis/Munamon
Stolephorus ronquilloi
Ronquillos anchovy
Tuakang/Dilis
Encrasicholina punctifer
Buccaneer anchovy
Bolinao

Encrasicholina devisi
Devis anchovy
Bulinao/Dilis
Stolephorus heteroloba
Shorthead anchovy
Dilis
Family Exocoetidae
Flyingfishes
(bolador)
Parexocoetus Exocoetus
Hirundichthys Cheilopogon, Cypselurus,
Prognichthys
Origin of anal fin 3 rays or
more behind origin of dorsal
fin
Origin of anal fin slightly
before, under or not
more than 2 rays behind
origin of dorsal fin
6-7 Scale rows
Pelvic fins short
Family Exocoetidae
Cheilopogon cyanopterus
Margined flying fish
Bolador

Cheilopogon furcatus
Spotfin flying fish
Bolador/Iliw

Cheilopogon nigricans
Blacksail flying fish
Bolador/Iliw

Cheilopogon poecilopterus
Yellow flying fish
Bolador/Iliw

Short upper jaw,
no scales
Family Hemiramphidae
Hemiramphus far
Black-barred halfbeak
(kansusuwit/buguiw/buguing)
Short, dark, vertical
bars
Prolonged lower jaw
Hemiramphus lutkei
Lutkeis halfbeak
(local name)
Hyphorhamphus
Short upper jaw, no scales
Prolonged lower jaw
Short upper jaw,
with scales
Prolonged lower jaw
Rhynchoramphus georgii
Short upper jaw, arched,
with scales
Oxyporhamphus
Short lower jaw
Prolonged lower jaw
Pectoral fins long, 30-35% of SL
Family Hemiramphidae
Rhynchorhampus georgii
Long billed half beak
Bugiw/Siriw
Hemirhampus far
Black-barred half beak
Bugiw/Susay
Hemirhampus lutkei
Lutkes halfbeak
Buging/Kansusuwit

Hemirhampus robustus
Three-by-two garfish
Soroy/Sasa

Hemirhampus affinis
Tropical halfbeak
Siriw/Kansusuwit

Family Menidae
Mene maculata
Moonfish
(chabeta)
Body extremely compressed
Pelvic fins
Anal fin
Family Sphyraenidae
Sphyraena barracuda
Great barracuda
(torcillo/barracuda)
Sphyraena obtusata
Obtuse barracuda
Sphyraena jello
Pickhandle barracuda
Sphyraena putnamae
Sawtooth barracuda
Double
emarginate
caudal fin
Caudal fin
yellowish
Caudal fin
yellowish
Caudal fin
largely
black
Dark markings crossing lateral line on body
Dark bars crossing lateral line on body
Oblique dark bars on upper half of
body, not crossing lateral line
Family Trichiuridae
Trichiurus lepturus
Largehead hairtail
(espada)
Ribbon-like
Caudal fin absent
Family Trichiuridae
Trichiurus gangeticus
Ganges hairtail
(espada)
END of LECTURE
REVIEW GAME
(modify using important fish families and species in
area)
-work as a group
-correctly identify the species shown and accumulate
points!
To which FAMILY do these fishes belong? (1
point)
1
point)
2
Give the (a) Family, (b) Common English name,
and (c) Scientific name of the fish shown (3
points)
3
points)
4
Gill rakers very long and visible
when mouth is opened
1 or 2 rows of small, dark spots on sides
of dorsal-fin bases
black spot on body near lower
margin of pectoral fins
Head length longer than body depth
point)
5
points)
6
points)
7
point)
8
point)
9
points)
10
pectoral fins are
straight and stiff

two distinctly raised
ridges present in
caudal fin that form
the V or M notch
bright yellow finlets
with no or slight
black edging
HOW DID YOU DO?

Module 05 Common Pelagic Fish Species-Gina-Jean

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