ATM Basic v1

1 Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
For internal use

ATM Basics

For internal use
Synchronous Transfer Mode
Derived from TDM technology
Divides the physical bandwidth into logical
timeslots
Circuit switched networks (voice and leased lines)
For internal use
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
A compromise for voice, data, and video
QoS defined/negotiated when the initial connection is
made
Asynchronous on layer 2 of the OSI reference model
Compromise of STM and PTM
Voice
Video
Data
ATM cells
48-octet
Payload
ATM 53-octet cells are
switched in hardware
For internal use
New world packet networks
Layer 1 to layer 3 in the OSI reference model
Layer 1:
PDH or (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarch)
SDH/SONET (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)
(Synchronous Optical Network, SONET)
DWDM optical (Dense Wave Division Multiplexing)
Layer 2:
ATM
Frame Relay
PPP (Point to Point Protocol)
Ethernet
Layer 3:
IP (Internet Protocol)
For internal use
What is ATM & Why
ATM = Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Fast packet switching and multiplexing technology (cell-
based )
ATM provides efficient support for transmission of
voice, data, and video
ATM provides QoS guarantee and reliability
ATM utilises statistical multiplexing, so
less bandwidth can be reserved
transmission cost saving are considerable
For internal use
For a group of bursty connections,
less bandwidth can be reserved than
if bandwidth reservation would be
based on the peak rate of the
connections
Most of the traffic sources send
bursty traffic and with a high
probability all the sources do not
simultaneously transmit at their peak
rate
One of the proposed advantages of
ATM is that statistical multiplexing
gain can be utilized
Statistical multiplexing gain
Statistical multiplexing Deterministic multiplexing
Required
bandwidth
Peak cell rate of
traffic type 1
Peak cell rate of
traffic type 2
Peak cell rate of
traffic type 3
Statistical Multiplexing Gain
For internal use
ATM interfaces in 3G network
UNI User Network Interface
NNI Network Node Interface
PSTN
MGW MSC
BS
UE
A B
Iu-CS
Iub
Uu
UNI
NNI
IP network
GGSN
Iu-PS
NNI
RNC
SGSN
RNC
BS
BS
Iur
NNI
UNI
UNI
ATM is employed
Gn Gi
For internal use
ATM Essential for 3G
ATM Cell
ATM Virtual Path (VP) and Virtual Channel
(VC)
ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) (AAL2 and
AAL5)
ATM Layer Service Class (CBR,UBR)
ATM Cross Connect
Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA)
ATM over PDH and SDH
Fractional E1 and Circuit Emulation Service
(CES)
For internal use
ATM cell
Header contains routing and error control information
Payload carries the actual user information, either voice, data or
video
Header
5 bytes
Payload
48 bytes
53 bytes
For internal use
GFC Generic Flow Control
VPI Virtual Path Identifier
VCI Virtual Channel Identifier
PT Payload Type
CLP Cell Loss Priority
HEC Header Error Control
User Network Interface (UNI) Network Node Interface (NNI)
VCI
GFC VPI
VPI
VCI
VCI PT CLP
HEC
1 2 3 4 5 7 6 8
VCI
VPI
VPI
VCI
VCI PT CLP
HEC
1 2 3 4 5 7 6 8
Payload Payload
Header
(5 bytes)
Payload
(48 bytes)
Provides local functions,
such as identifying multiple
stations that share a single
ATM interface
The 1st bit - indicates whether the
cell contains user data or control
data
The 2nd bit - indicates congestion
Indicates two levels of
priority for ATM cells,
CLP=1 should be
discarded in preference to
cells with the CLP=0
For internal use
ATM cell header
GFC provides local functions.
VPI indicates the virtual path over which the cell should be
routed.
VCI identifies a virtual channel over which the cell is to
travel.
PT discriminates between a cell carrying management
information or one, which is carrying user information.
CLP indicates two levels of priority for ATM cells.
HEC checks for an error and corrects the contents of the
header by using a CRC algorithm.
For internal use
VCI / VPI Field
Functions
Switching Identifiers
Routing
Multiplexing
The concept of virtual channels and virtual paths
Identifiers
VCI identifies a Virtual Channel
Connection
VPI identifies a Virtual Path Connection
Transmission Path could be PDH or
SDH
For internal use
Adaptation
Layer
ATM
Layer
Physical
Layer
Conversion to
ATM Data
Types, 48-Byte
Length
Forward Cell
Through
Network

Add 5-Byte
Header
Convert To
Correct
Electrical Or
Optical
Format
Voice
Cell
Data
Cell
Video
Cell
Services
A
ATM Cell Creation
For internal use
Hierarchy
Virtual channel connection
AAL2 connection
Virtual path connection
Transmission path
AAL2 link
Virtual channel link
Virtual path link
Physical link
VPCTP
VCCTP VCLTP
VPLTP VPLTP VPLTP VPLTP VPCTP
VCLTP VCLTP VCLTP VCCTP
Transmission path
VP
VCs
CIDs
For internal use
ATM in VP and VC
48 bytes
5 bytes
HEADER PAYLOAD
ATM cell (53 bytes)
Transmission
path
Virtual
Path
(VP)
Virtual
Channel
(VC)
ATM Cell
ATM Layer
HEADER
PAYLOAD
For internal use
ATM Adaptation Layer
Typical
Use
Fixed
Connection
Video
&
Audio
Frame
Relay
IP
Services
AAL AAL1 AAL2 AAL3/4 AAL5
Connection Oriented
Connection oriented or
connectionless
Synchronised Not Synchronised
Constant Variable Bit Rate
Source & Dest.
Connection
ATM Layer
Physical Layer
A B C D
ATM Service Classes
PBX
Video Voice Data
A
A
L

For internal use
ATM layer functions
Convergence Sublayer (CS)

Payload Payload Header Header
48 bytes 5 bytes
User data
AAL
Segmentation and Reassembly
Sublayer (SAR)
ATM Layer
Transmission Convergence
(TC)
48 bytes
Physical Medium Dependent
(PMD)
S
D
H

O
/
H

Payload Header
Scramble frame and adapts
the signals to the optical or
electrical transmission
medium
STM-1 Frame
Physical
Layer
For internal use
ATM Adaptation Layer 2 (AAL2)
One AAL2 cell flow consists of variable length "mini-cells" that are concatenated as a
continuous stream into the 48-byte payload areas of ATM-cells
The "mini-cells" are officially called CPS-packets (Common Part Sublayer), & are
divided into packet header (PH) and packet payload (PP) parts
Mini-cells have a "mini-header" (CPS-PH) to identify the channel and length of the
mini-cell
Mini-cell payload size can be anything from 1 to 45 bytes
Channels can be multiplexed in any order desired, mini-cells can cross ATM-cell
boundaries, cells can be padded
All AAL2 ATM-cells begin with a start field which indicates the offset to 1st complete
mini-cell within the ATM-cell
AAL2 ATM-cell flow
Cell payload Cell header
Channel 3 flow
Start field CPS-PH CPS-PP
Channel 1 flow
Channel 2 flow
Offset to next CPS-PDU
Zero padding
Crossing cell
boundary
For internal use
AAL2 (ATM Adaptation Layer 2)
String of AAL2 Packet Data Units String of AAL2 Packet Data Units
1 2 3 4 5
6
AAL2
header
ATM CELL
HEADER
ATM CELL
HEADER
HEADER
= 5 BYTES
PAYLOAD
= 48 BYTES
1 2 3 4 4 5 6
ATM cell
OFFSET FIELD, 1 byte (indicates where the next AAL2 PDU starts)
AAL2 PACKET, fixed header, variable length payload (max. 48 bytes)
ATM CELL, 5-byte header + 48-byte payload
PADDING
For internal use
ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5)
AAL5 ATM Adaptation layer is designed to carry fast streams of longer packets over
ATM as simply as possible
AAL5 doesn't provide any multiplexing itself, it is assumed that the packets carried
identify themselves to higher protocol layers (like TCP/IP)
AAL5 is also known as SEAL (Simple Efficient Adaptation Layer)
Packets are simply segmented into 48-byte fragments of ATM-cell payloads, the last
cell is padded and terminated with AAL5 trailer of 8 bytes
AAL5 trailer indicates packet length & has 32-bit CRC
Packets can be up to 64 Kbytes and are aligned to cell boundaries
The last cell of a packet is indicated by setting the PT[0] bit in cell header
Packet #1
cell #1 cell #2
Cell payload
Cell header
Packet #2
cell #3 cell #4
Zero padding
AAL5 packet
trailer
U
U

C
P
I

C
R
C
-
3
2

l
e
n
g
t
h

Crossing cell
boundary
AAL5 packet
trailer
Zero padding
For internal use
AAL5 (ATM Adaptation Layer 5)
PADDING FIELD, variable length to fill the 48-byte ATM cell
AAL5 PACKET, fixed trailer, variable length payload (max. 64 Kbytes)
ATM CELL, 5-byte header + 48-byte payload
AAL5 Packet Data Unit
USER DATA - Variable length 1 - 65 535 bytes
PAYLOAD
= N x 48 BYTES
AAL5
trailer
ATM cell 1 ATM cell 2... ..ATM cell n
AAL5 Packet Data Unit
USER DATA - Variable length 1 - 65 535 bytes
For internal use
ATM Layer Service Classes

CBR (Constant Bit Rate)

VBR (Variable Bit Rate)

ABR (Available Bit Rate)

UBR (Unspecified Bit Rate)

Time
Bandwidth
Time
Bandwidth
For internal use
ATM capacity of an E1 frame
Number of bytes with ATM payload is 30 in a frame
Frame repetition rate is 1/125 us.
30 bytes/125 us = 240 000 bytes/s
One ATM cell has 53 bytes/cell .
The ATM traffic capacity in a 2 Mbps frame is
240000/53 = 4528 cps or
30 ts * 8 bit * 8000 = 1920000 bits/s = 1920 kbps
For internal use

ATM cell mapping into PDH 2048 kbps

PDH frame structure for 2048 kbps is described
in ITU-T Recommendation G.704
ATM cell is mapped into
bits 9 to 128 and bits 137 to 256
(i.e. time slots 1 to 15 and time slots 17 to 31)
Time slots 0 and 16 are not used for ATM cell

<- Bits 1 to 8 ->
<
-

T
i
m
e

s
l
o
t
s

(
T
S
s
)

0

t
o

3
1

-
>

Bit 1 Bit 8
Bit 9 Bit 16
Bit 121 Bit 128
Bit 129 Bit 136
Bit 137 Bit 144
Bit 249 Bit 256
TS 1
TS 0
TS 30
TS 31
ATM over
PDH
For internal use
ATM cell mapping into PDH 2048 kbps
Example

Bit 1 Bit 8
Bit 9 Bit 16
Bit 121 Bit 128
Bit 129 Bit 136
Bit 137 Bit 144
Bit 249 Bit 256
Bit 121 Bit 128
Bit 129 Bit 136
Bit 137 Bit 144
Bit 249 Bit 256
For internal use
ATM over SDH
VC-4
O
V
E
R
H
E
A
D
STM-1 (155,52 Mbps) can fit 44.15 cells per frame
-> 353 207 cells per second.
VP
1
VP2
VP3
.
.
.
For internal use
ATM Capacity in STM-1 VC-4 Frame
Payload of the STM-1 frame can accommodate 1 Virtual Container
Level-4 (VC-4)

Total ATM capacity in a SDH frame:
Payload per virtual container: 260x9 = 2340 bytes
Frame repetition rate is 125 us.
2340 bytes/125 us = 18 720 000 bytes/s
One ATM cell has 53 bytes/cell .
The ATM traffic capacity in a SDH frame is:
18 720 000 bytes/s/53 bytes = 353 207 cps

In case STM-0 is used (3x VC3 within STM-1) 114113 cps are
available per logical interface

For internal use
ATM Cross Connection
From the origin to the termination of a Virtual Channel Trail there can be multiple
intermediate Nodes where ATM Cross Connections might occur
Aggregation close to the BTS saves in transmission costs
However in many networks there is only one switch between the BTS and RNC
Traffic is collected from different origins to same destination
Statistical multiplexing gain can be achieved

RNC
STM1
BTS
E1
BTS
E1
BTS
E1
BTS
E1
BTS
E1
For internal use
VP and VC Cross Connections
ATM cross connections can be performed at VP or VC level
VP level switching is preferred in some cases as it makes management and
configurations easier
The physical link is terminated at any intermediate Node
Virtual Paths can be cross connected to any Physical Interface
Virtual Channels can be cross connected to any Virtual Path
Which layer is terminated depends on the Cross Connection Level
Cross Connections are carried out according to a Cross Connection Table
VC Cross
Connection
VP Cross
Connection
VCI 21
VCI 22
VCI 21
VCI 22
VPI 1
VPI 4
VPI 1
VPI
2
VPI
3
VCI 21
VCI 22
VCI 24

VCI 23
For internal use
VPI 1
VPI 2
VPI 3
VPI 4
VPI 5
VPI 6
VCI 1
VCI 2
VCI 1
VCI 2
VCI 3
VCI 4
VCI 3
VCI 4
VCI 5
VCI 6
VCI 5
VCI 6
Virtual Path Switching
VPI 1
VPI 2
VCI 1
VCI 2
VCI 1
VCI 2
VPI 1
VPI 4

VCI 4
VCI 5
VCI 6
VCI 3
VPI 5
Port 1
Port 2
Port 3
Virtual Channel Switching
ATM Cross Connect
For internal use
VPI and VCI values
VPI re-use
One VPI value can be used once in the same ATM interface. Can be re-used in another ATM
interface
VCI re-use
One VCI value can be used only once within the same VP, but can be re-used in another VP
VP Cross Connection:
VPIs will be re-assigned on the other interface, but could have previous value if available.
VCIs remain the same
VC Cross Connection
The VP will be terminated
The VCI will be re-assigned on the VP but could have previous value if available.
ATM
UNI
ATM
NNI
ATM
NNI
ATM
UNI
VC-level
XCON
VP-level
XCON
VC-level
XCON
VPI/VCI is modified at
connection points
VPI/VCI is assigned at
endpoints
VPI = 37
VCI = 41
VPI = 7
VCI = 65
VPI = 12
VCI = 41
VPI = 57
VCI = 65
For internal use
ATM cross-connect (AXC)
VC2 / VP2
VC1 / VP1
RNC
ATM
switch
VC1 / VP1
BTS 1
AXC
VC3 / VP3
VC3, VC4 / VP4
VC3, VC4, VC5, VC6 / VP7
VC5 / VP5
VC6 / VP6
VC1/VP1 THROUGH-CONNECTED IN AXC2
VC/VP CROSS-
CONNECTION TABLE
VC3/VP4 <-> VC3/VP 7
AXC / ATM switch
BTS 2
AXC
BTS 3
AXC
BTS 4
AXC
BTS 5
AXC
BTS 6
AXC
Standalone
AXC
For internal use
ATM resource management Iub
P
h
y

T
T
P

A
T
M

l
o
g
i
c
a
l

i
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e

V
P
L
t
p

V
P
L
t
p

V
C
L
t
p

A
T
M

l
o
g
i
c
a
l

i
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e

V
P
L
t
p

V
P
L
t
p
,

O&M traffic (UBR)
Signalling and user traffic (CBR)
V
C
L
t
p

V
C
L
t
p

V
C
L
t
p

V
C
L
t
p

V
C
L
t
p

V
C
L
t
p

V
C
L
t
p

V
C
L
t
p

V
C
L
t
p

Common NBAP link (C-NBAP)
Dedicated NBAP link (D-NBAP)
Dedicated NBAP link (D-NBAP)
AAL2 signalling link (AAL2SL)
AAL2 signalling link (AAL2SL)
AAL2 user plane link (AAL2UD)
V
C
L
t
p

V
P
L
t
p

V
C
L
t
p

V
C
L
t
p

V
C
L
t
p

V
C
L
t
p

V
C
L
t
p

V
C
L
t
p

V
C
L
t
p

V
C
L
t
p

V
C
L
t
p

RNC
WAM
WAM
P
h
y

T
T
P

O&M / Usage IPOAM
For internal use
Problem ?: More bandwidth than 2 Mbit/s is needed, but
only T1/E1 services are offered by the carrier
PBX
PBX
ATM
E1 based
Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA)
PBX
PBX
ATM

E1 based
Multiple T1/E1s are bundled for more bandwidth
Solution IMA
For internal use
Tx direction: cells distributed across links in round robin sequence
Rx direction: cells recombined into single ATM stream
Physical Link #0
Single ATM Cell Stream
from ATM Layer
IMA Virtual Link
IMA Group
PHY
PHY
PHY
Physical Link #1
Physical Link #2
IMA Group
PHY
PHY
PHY
Original ATM Cell
Stream to ATM Layer
Concept of IMA
Low bit rate transmission lines can be combined into a group that
seen as a single virtual link by ATM
IMA sublayer is part of the physical layer.
It is located between the traditional Transmission Convergence sublayer and
the ATM layer.

For internal use
Inverse multiplexing for ATM
ATM Layer
Physical Medium Sublayer
Transmission
Convergence
Sublayer (TC)
Physical Layer
TC
IMA
Iub IMA max 8 E1
Iur IMA max 16 E1
All E1 in IMA have to belong to same NIP or IFU
Only one ATM interface/ IMA group
NIP1 can have up to 16 ATM Interfaces
For internal use
ATM ATM ICP Filler
Cell
0
Cell
1
Cell
2
Cell
3
Cell
4
Cell
5
Cell
6
Cell
7
Cell
M-1
ATM ATM ATM ATM Filler
Filler Filler ICP ATM ATM ATM ATM ATM ATM
IMA frame - ICP cell, Filler cell
An IMA Frame
M consecutive cells transmitted on each link within the IMA group
M can be 32, 64, 128 or 256. NSN default: 128
The ICP (IMA Control protocol) cell is sent once per IMA frame on each link with
a different offset between different links, to adjust for differential link delays
ICP fields contain e.g. link ID, IMA ID, IMA Frame Sequence Number, ICP Cell Offset
If there are no ATM layer cells to be sent the transmit IMA sends Filler cells.
Note: IMA is not saving bandwidth but enables to utilize the available bandwidth
more efficiently and protects from link and interface failure!

For internal use
IMA failure case
Upon the failure of one or more links or interfaces of an IMA group, the IMA
Engine is able to recover and reassign the distribution of ATM cells to the
remaining working PDH links within the IMA group.
Only the capacity of this IMA group is reduced but the IMA group remains operational.
The recovery time of the IMA engine upon PDH link failure is 2 s, all existing
calls will be terminated.
Example:
IMA group with 4 E1 links
An ATM interface with a VP of 17000 cps is assigned to that group
Note: IMA group with 4 E1s provides a capacity of 17961 cps
Minimum number of links is set to 2
In case 1 or 2 E1s drop out the IMA group continuous operating after restart with a
limited bandwidth even if the logical interface cannot provide anymore the assigned
VP capacity

For internal use
Transmission (2G/3G)
TDM
Channel based allocation (16kbit/s, 64kbit/s etc)

ATM
Cell based allocation (1 ATM Cell =53 bytes, 424 bits (vs. 256
bits in E1 (32 TS)))

1 ATM cell requires more than one E1 frame

Usable capacity for ATM in E1 is 1920kbit/s (30x64kbit/s)
In case fractional E1 is used -> TS16 available
For internal use
Transmission (2G/3G)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
1
0 LINK MANAGEMENT
TCH 1
TCH 5
TCH 1
TCH 5
TCH 1
TCH 5
TCH 1
TCH 5
TCH 1
TCH 5
TCH 1
TCH 5
TCH 2
TCH 6
TCH 2
TCH 6
TCH 2
TCH 6
TCH 2
TCH 6
TCH 2
TCH 6
TCH 2
TCH 6
TCH 3
TCH 7
TCH 3
TCH 7
TCH 3
TCH 7
TCH 3
TCH 7
TCH 3
TCH 7
TCH 3
TCH 7
TCH 4
TCH 8
TCH 4
TCH 8
TCH 4
TCH 8
TCH 4
TCH 8
TCH 4
TCH 8
TCH 4
TCH 8
TRX#1
TRX#2
TRX#3
TRX#4
TRX#5
TRX#6
Sector#1
Sector#2
Sector#3
ATM
ATM traffic
768 kbit/s
TRXSIG 1 TRXSIG 2 TRXSIG 3 TRXSIG 4
TRXSIG 5 TRXSIG 6 OMUSIG
TRXSIG1-
6&OMUSIG
Available for TDM traffic
Available for TDM traffic
For internal use
Transmission (2G/3G; Fractional E1)
RNC
BSC
ET
Node B
AXC
IFUA
ATM
traffic
TRS EQ
TRS IF NIU
E1
2G BTS
TRUx
TDM
traffic
Fractional E1
(TDM+ATM)
TDM X-connect
ATM
SWITCH
For internal use
ATM over E1
Header Payload
0 1 2 16 18 17 31 15
TS0
TS1-15
TS16
TS17-31
. . . . .
.
0 1 2 16 18 17 31 15
TS0
TS1-15
TS16
TS17-31
. . . . .
.
E1 frame E1 frame
For internal use
3G ATM Traffic Sharing GSM 2M Frame

MetroHub
GSM
BTS
WCDMA
BS RNC
BSC
TD
M
Fractional E1
Fractional E1
For internal use
Fractional E1
- IN Fractional E1 some timeslots are not used for ATM traffic
(configurable by management), TS0 and TS16 are not allowed by default
- using only three timeslots provides a 192 kbit/s transmission path for ATM traffic
- long transmission delays for ATM traffic!

TS0 TS0
fractional E1
termination point
fractional E1
termination point
3 octets of the ATM cell
3 octets of the ATM cell
53 octets per ATM cell
For internal use
GSM Traffic Over ATM

SAXC or
WCDMA
BTS-AXC
GSM
BTS
WCDMA
BS RNC
BSC
AT
M
CES
Circuit Emulation Service (CES)
For internal use
Circuit Emulation
RNC
BSC
ET
E1 from 2G BTS
ATM
SWITCH
Non fractional E1
AXC
IFU A
NIU
2G BTS
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRUA
D-bus
LIF1
WSP WSP
3G BTS
AXC
...
WSP WSP
...
IFU A
IFU E WAM
WAM

CES
IWF
Flexbus connection

E1
VCC
VCC
VCC
VPC
AXU
CES
IWF
VCC
VCC
VCC
VPC
IFU E
For internal use
Unstructured Circuit Emulation Service
- Transmitting CES interworking function takes the E1 signal
and segments that stream into ATM cells
- ATM cells are transported via a CBR VCC to the receiving CES
interworking function
- receiving CES interworking function recovers E1 signal from the ATM
cell stream
- Note: CES works bidirectional
CES
Interworking
Function (IWF)
CES
Interworking
Function (IWF)
TS0 TS0
TS0 TS0
G.703 frames
For internal use
Structured Circuit Emulation Service
- Transmitting CES interworking function takes only some
timeslots
from the E1 signal puts these into ATM cells
- ATM cells are transported via a CBR VCC with lower bandwidth
compared to
unstructured CES to the receiving CES interworking function
- receiving CES interworking function recovers TS from the ATM cell
stream
- Note: CES works bidirectional
- Management configures which timeslots are transmitted
CES
Interworking
Function (IWF)
CES
Interworking
Function (IWF)
TS0 TS0
TS0 TS0
TS1-TS3
For internal use
Protocol Stacks of User Plane for CS/PS services
AAL2
PHY
ATM
PHY
ATM
AAL2
FP
PHY
AAL2
PHY
ATM
Link
Layer
PHY
AAL2
PHY
ATM
WCDMA
L1
FP
WCDMA
L1
E.g.,
Vocoder
PHY
PSTN/
N-ISDN
MGW
RNC
BTS
UE
Iu-CS UP
E.g.,
Vocoder
Link
Layer
A/m- law
PCM,
UDI,
etc.
A/m- law
PCM,
UDI,
etc.
MSC
RLC-U
MAC
RLC-U
MAC
UE BTS RNC MGW / MSC /
SGSN GGSN
IP
AAL5
PHY
UDP
LLC/SNAP
GTP-U
ATM
PHY
ATM
AAL2
FP
PDCP
UDP
IP
Link
Layer
PHY
GTP
IP
AAL5
PHY
UDP
LLC/SNAP
GTP-U
ATM
UDP
IP
Link
Layer
PHY
GTP
AAL2
PHY
ATM
WCDMA
L1
FP
WCDMA
L1
PDCP
E.g.,
IPv4, IPv6
PHY
E.g.,
IPv4, IPv6
GGSN
3G-SGSN
RNC
BTS
UE
RLC-U
MAC
RLC-U
MAC
Also for
NRT
services
AAL2 is
used on
ATM as
Transport
Layer
Iu-CS UP
I
u
b

I
u

U
u

For internal use
Quality of Service
To guarantee the required QoS, there is a method defined to describe connections
behavior
Service category classifies connections as CBR,
UBR or UBR+
Traffic parameters define mainly the bandwidth
requirements e.g. PCR / MCR
QoS parameters define finally the QoS of the
Connection such as delay, cell loss etc.
Service Classes
Traffic Parameters
QoS Parameters

QoS Class
The combination of the Traffic Class and
the set of Traffic and QoS parameters
constitute the Connection Traffic
Descriptor of an ATM connection
For internal use
ATM service categories - CBR
CBR Constant Bit Rate
Used for constant (maximum) bandwidth
services
For the connections that request a fixed
(static) bandwidth, that is continuously
available during the connection lifetime
Is intended to support real-time applications
requiring tightly constrained delay variation
The applications are e.g. video, audio, circuit
emulation, but use of CBR does not restricted
to those applications
PCR is guaranteed
Used for signaling traffic (CNBAP, DNBAP
and AAL2SIG)
Used for user plane VCCs
All user plane VCCs CBR in RNC until RAS06
Time
Bandwidth
For internal use
ATM service categories - UBR
UBR Unspecified Bit Rate
Is intended for non-real-time applications,
i.e., those not requiring tightly constrained
delay and delay variation.
Examples of applications are traditional
computer communication applications,
such as file transfer and email
Service does not specify traffic related
guarantees
Sources are expected to transmit non-
continuous bursts of cells
PCR is not guaranteed and
Traditionally DCN and Iu-PS connections
have been UBR
Time
Bandwidth
?
For internal use
ATM service categories UBR+
UBR+ Unspecified Bit Rate +
Is intended for non-real-time applications,
i.e., those not requiring tightly constrained
delay and delay variation.
Examples of applications are traditional
computer communication applications,
such as file transfer and email
Specified with PCR and MDCR
MDCR is guaranteed and traffic can be
transmitted up to PCR (in RNC)
Picture is indicating that even though the
MDCR is reserved for the traffic, the traffic
can reach up to the PCR, if there is free
capacity to be used e.g. in the VPC or
Bundle

Time
Bandwidth
PCR
MDCR
Note! UBR+ has also proprietary
UBRshare parameter that is used to
share excess capacity between different
UBR+ VCC in the line card.
For internal use
Traffic and QoS Parameters
Traffic parameters describe traffic in terms of:
PCR - Peak Cell Rate
Maximum bandwidth in any situation
MDCR - Minimum Desired Cell Rate
Parameter defines the guaranteed cell rate
QoS Parameter:
CDVT - Cell Delay Variation Tolerance
This parameter is set according to network element requirements (details follow!)
CLR - Cell Loss Ratio:
Describes the ratio of lost cells to transmitted cells
The CLR parameter is the value that the network agrees to offer as an objective over
the lifetime of the connection
If value will be exceeded an alarm will be raised or possibly further action will be
triggered depending on parameter settings
Usual values between 10
-3
to 10
-9

For internal use
Traffic Management
Traffic management is needed in order to comply to the QoS requirements
QoS is guaranteed as long as the connection is compliant with the Traffic
contract
The traffic offered to the network can be variable and therefore end-to end
participation of network elements is required

Picture: Traffic management functions with in ATM node are distributed among different
elements

Policing
CAC
Interface
Control
module
Switch fabric
Buffering
Congestion control
Queuing
Traffic priorities
Shaping
Buffering
Interface
Ingress
Cells in
Egress
Cells in
For internal use
Definition of a Compliant Connection
QoS class
Traffic Descriptor
Cell Delay Tolerance
Cell Loss Ratio
Peak Cell Rate
Service Category
A
Traffic Contract
Traffic contract is negotiated during connection establishment
Its an agreement between a user and a network, where the network guarantees
a specific QoS if the user's cell flow conforms to a negotiated set of traffic
parameters
A traffic contract can be also a written contract between an Operator and e.g. a
backbone / Leased Line provider.
Traffic contract of includes:

For internal use
Definition of a Compliant Connection
QoS is guaranteed as long as the connection is compliant with the traffic contract
Committed to provide the agreed QoS to all cells conforming the traffic contract,
the network needs to police the traffic to detect non-conforming cells
Network takes appropriate actions to prevent non-conforming cells from affecting
the QoS of the conforming cells of the other connections
The network could drop cells
Conformance test performed on the traffic stream, defined in the traffic
description
CBR.1 for CBR (only available for CBR)
UBR.1 for UBR (default), cell will be discarded if non-conformant
UBR.2 for UBR, cell will be tagged (CLP bit set to 1) and forwarded
If conformance definition is UBR.1 then packets violating the traffic contract will be
discarded.
For UBR.2 non-compliant cells will be first tagged (CLP) and then discarded when
recognized again as non-compliant.
For internal use
CDVT Cell Delay Variation Tolerance
In this example we assume only 4 VCCs with a low capacity,
mapped into an interface of a little higher capacity.
Imagine a SDH-interface with a 23 times higher capacity, where
hundreds of VCCs are mapped in.

Line rate 15kcps = 1 cell every 67s
125s white CV-CDVT = 500s
8000 cps = 400s = 500s = 333s
4000 cps
2000 cps
= 267s = 67s
1000 cps
blue CV-CDVT = 1000s
250 s
500 s
1000 s
XCON
For internal use
CDVT - Cell Delay Variation Tolerance
Time budget, how much earlier than expected ATM cells are allowed to arrive
Normally, ATM cells are expected every 1/PCR.
If an ATM cell arrives earlier than expected, the next ATM cell is expected later
than 1/PCR in order to compensate.
Typical value of CDVT = 1/PCR.
Example:
Line rate = 5000 cell/s 1 ATM cell takes 200 s
VCC PCR = 2000 cell/s 1 red ATM cell per 500
s.
CDVT = 1/PCR = 1/2000 s = 500 s.
expected arrival time
actual on or after expected arrival time.
actual prior to expected arrival time,
if > CDVT, discard cell.
Bits are received at time ...
400 0 1200 800 1600 2000
t [s]
= 0 s, OK
= -100 s
OK
= -300 s, OK
= -600 s
NOK
Tx Rx

ATM Basic v1

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For internal use

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