Development

 Economic growth
 Increased productivity
 Modernization
 Westernization
 Urbanization
 Industrialization
However, growth-oriented
development…
 Failed to “trickle down” to
the poor
 Created a form of
“dependency” by the poor
on the rich
 Led to environmental
destruction
 Promoted gender
inequality
 Displaced indigenous
cultures
Alternative Models of Development

 Human development
 Sustainable development
Human Development

 Material development
+
 Political empowerment
 Spiritual development
Sustainable Development

 Environmentally sound
 Culturally appropriate
 Gender equal
Development, Science and Technology

 Development is a process
of social change
 Science and Technology
play a significant role in
the process
Theories of Social and Technical
Change

 Techno-determinism
 Structural Functionalism
 Historical Materialism
Techno-Determinism

 Technology is the main

driver for social change
 The universal application
of technology has led to
industrialization
 Technology caused
significant changes in the
economy, politics and
culture of human
societies
Structural Functionalism

 Social change is an
evolutionary process
 Change is viewed as
gradual and incremental
 The ideal state is
characterized by balance
and harmony
 Conflict is seen as
dysfunctional and
abnormal
 High Mass
Post-Industrial Stage
Consumption

Drive towards
Progress in Maturity
Scientific Industrial Stage
Knowledge and
Technology
Take-Off

Preparation for
Take-Off

Pre-Industrial Stage
Primitive
Traditional
Technologies,
Societies
Spiritual Worldviews
Historical Materialism

 Dynamic view of society

 Conflict and contradiction is
what drives change
 The historical development of
society is driven by the
contradiction between social
forces at a given time.
 The resolution, or synthesis,
of such conflict paves the
way for the emergence of a
new period
 New
Mode of Production

Class
Conflict
Dominant
(Revolution)
Developments Social Class
In technology Loses control
Of
technology

Society is
organized in relation to
Technology the conversion of
(Forces of Production) Mode of Production nature into products
Controlled by the and commodities
ruling class (Social classes)
 Capitalism

Class
The Capitalist
Conflict
Development Class
(Revolution)
Of Emerge;
Industrial Landlords loses
Technology control of
dominant
technology
The production process
Is land-based;
Agricultural Landlords versus
Technologies Feudalism Peasants in which
Controlled by Land-owners control
landlords the production process
Development Processes vis-à-vis
Science and Technology

 Modernization
 Development of the
modern state and its
attendant bureaucratic
organizations
 Development of a
capitalist economy
 Globalization
Modernization
 A process of social change
 Society moves from a
primitive state towards an
advanced and modern state
 Movement is unidirectional
 It is desirable since it
implies progress, humanity
and civilization
 Not revolutionary but
evolutionary – a slow,
gradual and piecemeal
process
Characteristics of the Modernization
Process…
 Phased—comes in stages
 Homogenizing—tends to
unify different political,
cultural, economic and social
systems into a single system
 Europeanization (or
Westernization)—follows the
European or Western models
and patterns of social change
 Irreversible—a system cannot
go back to its original state
once modernization ensues
… Characteristics of the Modernization
Process
 Progressive—from
backward to advanced
states
 Lengthy—takes a long time
 Systematic—follows a
distinct pattern
 Transformative—transforms
societies from one state of
existence to another
 Immanent—inevitable
Characteristics of Relatively Non-
Modernized Societies
 Low degree of specialization
 High level of self-sufficiency
 Cultural norms of tradition,
particularism and functional
diffuseness
 Relatively low emphasis on
money circulation and market
 Family norms such as nepotism
are prevalent
 One-way flow of goods and
services from rural to urban
areas
Characteristics of Relatively
Modernized Societies
 High degree of specialization and
interdependency of organizations
 Cultural norms of rationality,
universalism and functional
specificity
 High degree of centralization
 Relatively more emphasis on
money circulation and market
 Emphasis on bureaucratic
organizations
 Two-way flow of goods and
services between towns and
villages
 Relatively Non-Modern
Societies
Low degree of specialization
High level of self-sufficiency
Relatively Modern
Societies
High degree of specialization and
interdependency of organizations
Cultural norms of rationality,
universalism and functional specificity

Cultural norms of tradition, High degree of centralization

particularism and functional
diffuseness
Relatively low emphasis on money Relatively more emphasis on money
circulation and market circulation and market
Family norms such as nepotism are Emphasis on bureaucratic
prevalent organizations
One-way flow of goods and services Two-way flow of goods and services
from rural to urban areas between towns and villages
Role of S and T in Modernization

 S and T are already

present in “relatively non-
modern” societies
 Modernization is enabled
by advances in S and T
 Modernization also
enables advances in S
and T
Political Modernization

 Development and
emergence of the state and
the bureaucracy
 Associated with social and
cultural modernization
 Involved the differentiation
of political structures
 Secularization of political
culture
 Entrenched the ethos of
equality as a political ideal
 Enhanced the capacity of a
society’s political system
The Modern State
 An outcome of the increasing scale
or coverage of a political system,
and its ability to implement its
decisions
 Able to perform tasks through
bureaucratic organizations that are
able to penetrate, govern and
regulate the conduct of citizens
 Acquired the capacity to aggregate
the interests of various political
groups
 Institutionalized political structures
and processes that strengthen the
capacity for problem-solving
 Sustained the emergence of new
political demands and organizations
Crises of State-Building

 The crisis of national identity

 The crisis of political legitimacy
 The crisis of penetration
 The crisis of citizen participation
 The crisis of integrating the
interests of various political
groups
 The crisis of distribution
emanating from the inability of
the state to bring about
economic growth, and its failure
to distribute the benefits of such
growth
Role of S and T in the Development of
the State
 S and T as resources for
nation and state-building
 As resources for development
 As resources for controlling and
influencing citizens
 S and T helps the state in
addressing the various crises
 Scientific management
principles enhances state
capacity through bureaucratic
efficiency
 Work specialization
 Development of planning and
monitoring systems
Capitalist Development

 Capitalism is the dominant

economic system in the
age of modernity
 It is an outcome of
industrialization
 Accomplished through the
rise of entrepreneurs and
markets
Underdeveloped and Traditional
Economies
 Usually seen as closed and
backward
 There is an oversupply of
labor which are not fully
employed to their productive
capacities
 Dominated by a subsistence
sector, which is mainly based
on family labor
 Low labor productivity
 Low levels of capital
investments
Developed Capitalist Economies

 Attended by the effective

mobilization of capital and
productive resources
 Productive investment enabled
the manufacturing sector to
become a significant part of
national income
 Investments later went to other
sectors (agriculture, services)
 Population growth is overtaken
by economic growth
Effects of Increase in Investments
 Increase in investments,
supported by an increase in the
rate of savings, drives the
capitalist sector to grow
significantly
 The final stage of capitalism is a
society of high mass
consumption
 Growth in employment
opportunities
 Increase in national income
 Continuing rise in consumer
demands
 Formation of a strong domestic
market
Vicious Cycle of Poverty

Low
Productivity

Low Levels Low

of Investments Levels of Capital

Low
Income

Low Low
Demand Savings

Demand Side Supply Side

To break the cycle….

 A strong incentive system

for investments needs to
be created
 There is also a need to
expand markets by
balancing capital
investments in a number
of key industrial sectors
 Investments in S and T
can play a big role!
Role of S and T in increasing
Productivity
 New machines and methods
enable the development of new
production processes
 New methods of converting raw
materials into commodities, and
the search for new materials and
sources of energy increase
productivity
 Biotechnology and agricultural
engineering enhance land
productivity and modernize
agricultural production
 Advances in IT, artificial
intelligence, and robotics enhance
the productivity of work
Capitalist Development in a Globalized
World
 Internationalization of
commercial capital:
growing commodity trade
among capitalist
economies
 Internationalization of
productive capital: the
transfer of industrial
production from the
industrialized countries to
the developing countries
New patterns affecting global
industrialization
 Increasing numbers of cheap
labor in developing
economies
 Technological developments
that allowed for the splitting
up of the production process
into constituent parts
 Developments in
transportation, information
and communication
technologies
Internationalization versus
Globalization
 Internationalization  Globalization
 Involves merely the
relocation of certain
production processes to
other countries, including
developing countries
 Example: A Japanese-
based company relocating
its assembly plants to the
Philippines
 Involves a deliberate
restructuring of
manufacturing, trade, and
services within a system
that is global in scale
 Led by globally oriented
mega-corporations or
transnational corporations
(TNCs) that organize their
entire production and sales
as a world-wide operation
Globalization
 Enabled by a rapid growth of
global financial markets
resulting from the
deregulation of financial
transactions
 Facilitated by technological
developments in information
technology
 This development is called
technocapitalism, and is
associated with the
enhanced movement of
money, ideas, products,
design and services within
societies and across
societies