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INTRODUCTION TO
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY COMPOUND
ORGANIC
COMPOUND
INORGANIC
COMPOUND
- Complex compounds made
up of carbon with non-metal
elements; hydrogen, oxygen,
halogen, nitrogen, sulphur and
phosphorus
- Derived from living sources
- Include almost all
compounds with no carbon
- Derived from non-living
sources; minerals
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INTRODUCTION
Sources of organic compound
Living Things
Animals Plants
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ORGANI C
COMPOUND
I NORGANI C
COMPOUND
BONDI NG Covalent bond
compound
Covalent bond or ionic
bond compound
MELTI NG &
BOI LI NG POI NT
Usually Low Usually High
SOLUBI LI TY Soluble in organic
solvent
Insoluble in water
Soluble in water
Insoluble in organic
solvent
CONDUCTI VI TY Cannot conduct heat
and electricity
Can conduct heat and
electricity in liquid and
aqueous solution
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THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORGANIC
& INORGANIC COMPOUND
- Organic compound is a carbon compound.
- There are 3 main reason why carbon can produce a lot
of compounds
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THE SPECIALTY OF CARBON
1
st
reason:
- Carbon has 4 electrons in the outermost shell
(valence electron).
- To achieve the stable electronic structure, carbon can
made up to 4 covalent bond by sharing with other
carbon atoms/ any other elements.
- Covalent bonding that might occur :
C C C H C Cl
C C C O C C C N
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single bond
double bond
triple bond
2
nd
reason:
- The covalent bonding form can produce molecular
structure of straight chains or branched chains or rings
of varying sizes and complexity.
C C C C C
C C
C C
C C C C C
C C
Straight chain
Branched chain
Ring structure
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3
rd
reason:
- Carbons can form many compounds, kinetically it is
very stable.

- Activation energy required to break carbon-carbon
bond is high.

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MOLECULAR FORMULA AND THE
STRUCTURE OF THE ORGANIC
COMPOUND
- Molecular Formula shows the exact number of atoms
of each element in the smallest unit of a substance.
- Empirical Formula indicates which elements are
present and the simplest whole-number ratio of their
atoms in a molecule.



- Some compounds such as carbon dioxide may have the
same empirical formula and molecular formula.
(Empirical formula) n = molecular formula
n is a positive integer
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Compound Molecular
formula
Simplest ratio of the
element
Empirical
formula
Water H
2
O H:O = 2:1 H
2
O
Glucose C
6
H
12
O
6
C:H:O = 1:2:1 CH
2
O
Butane C
4
H
10
C:H= 2:5 C
2
H
5

Ethane C
2
H
6
C:H= 1:3 CH
3

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- Shows the order in which atoms are bonded together.
- Can be drawn in the form of condensed, expanded and
skeletal structure.
- Does not show single bonds between carbon and
hydrogen atoms, but double and triple bonds are
shown.
- All the atoms that are attached to a carbon are written
immediately after that carbon.
C
4
H
9
Cl

CH
3
CHCH
2
CH
3
or CH
3
CH(Cl)CH
2
CH
3

Cl
STRUCTURAL FORMULA
CONDENSE STRUCTURE
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- In which the atoms are attached to each other and are
not representations of the actual shapes of the
molecules.
C
4
H
9
Cl C C C C

H H
H
H H Cl
H H H
H
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EXPANDED STRUCTURE
i) CH
3
C(Cl)CHCH
3

Cl
ii) CH
2
= CHCH
2
OH

OH
H
2
C CH
2

H
2
C CH
2

iii)
- Shows only the carbon skeleton.
- The hydrogen atoms that are assumed to be present,
are not written.
- Other atoms such as O, Cl and N are shown .
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SKELETAL STRUCTURE
CLASSIFICATION OF C ATOMS
- A carbon atom can be classified as:
primary carbon (1
o
) bonded to 1 C
secondary carbon (2
o
) bonded to 2 C
tertiary carbon (3
o
) bonded to 3 C
quaternary carbon (4
o
) bonded to 4 C
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PRIMARY CARBON (1
o
)
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CH
3

H
C H H
SECONDARY CARBON (2
o
)
1
o
carbon
1
o
carbon
C
CH
3

H
C C H C
H
H
H
H
C
H
H CH
3

CH
3

CH
3

2
o
carbon
2
o
carbon
TERTIARY CARBON (3
o
)
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QUATERNARY CARBON (4
o
)
C
CH
3

H
C C H C
H
H
H
H
C
H
H CH
3

CH
3

CH
3

4
o
carbon
C
CH
3

H
C C H C
H
H
H
H
C
H
H CH
3

CH
3

CH
3

3
o
carbon
THE FUNTIONAL GROUPS AND
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
- Functional group is an atom or group of atoms which
can determine the chemical properties of an organic
compound.
- According to the functional group, the organic
compound are divided into a few classes.
- Molecules with the same functional group are
considered to be in the same homologous series.
- Members of the same homologous series are called
homolog.

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Class Example
Functional
Group
Characteristic
Alkane
Carbon-carbon single
bond
Alkene
Carbon-carbon double
bond
Alkyne


Carbon-carbon triple
bond
Aromatic














Six-atom ring
H
3
C CH
3

C C
H
2
C CH
2

ethane
ethene
C C
ethyne
H
2
C CH
2

C C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
benzene
C
C
C
C
C
C
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Class Example
Functional
Group
Characteristic
Haloalkane
One or more halogens
atom
Alcohol
Hydroxyl group
( OH) (neutral)
Ether


Oxygen atom bonded to
two carbons (neutral)
Aldehyde

Carbonyl group (carbon-
oxygen double bond)
with H (neutral)
Ketone
Carbonyl group (carbon-
oxygen double bond)
between carbon atom
(neutral)
H
3
C Cl
Cl
Br
chloromethane
ethanol
OH
metoxymethane
O
F
I
H
3
C CH
2
OH
H
2
C CH
2

O
ethanal
H
3
C H C
O
H C
O
propanone
H
3
C CH
3
C
O
C
O
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Class Example
Functional
Group
Characteristic
Thiol

A SH group bonded to
carbon
(very weak acid)
Carboxylic
acid
Carbonyl group (carbon-
oxygen double bond and
-OH) between carbon
atom (weak acid)
Ester
Carbonyl group with H
replaced by a carbon
Amine


Nitrogen atom with one
or more carbon groups
(weak base)
Amide
Carbonyl group bonded
to nitrogen
(neutral)
acetic acid
H
3
C SH
methanethiol
SH
O
H
3
C C O H
O
C O H
methyl acetate
O
H
3
C C O CH
3

O
C O
H
3
C NH
2

methyl amine
NH
2

methyl amide
O
H
3
C C NH
2

O
C NH
2

- The 4 main types of organic reactions are:
Addition
Substitution
Elimination
Rearrangement
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REACTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
CCl
4
Room
temperature
- A reaction in which atoms or groups add to adjacent
(bersebelahan) atoms of a multiple bond.
- Two types of addition :-
a) Electrophilic Addition
Initiated by an electrophile, which attacks
nucleophilic site of a molecule.
Typical reaction of unsaturated compounds such as
alkenes and alkynes.
CH
3
CH=CH
2
+ Br
2
CH
3
CHBrCH
2
Br
electrophile
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ADDITION REACTION
b) Nucleophilic Addition
Initiated by a nucleophile, which attacks an
electrophilic site of a molecule.
Typical reaction of carbonyl compounds.
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+ HCN
OH
CH
3
C CH
3

CN
O
CH
3
C CH
3

+
-
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- A reaction in which an atom or group in a molecule
replaced by another atom or group.
- Three types of addition :-
a) Free-radical Substitution
Substitution which involves free radicals as
intermediate species.
SUBSTITUTION REACTION
CH
3
CH
3
+ Cl
2
CH
3
CH
2
Cl
uv light
CH
4
+ Br
2
CH
3
Br
uv light
+ Br
2

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b) Electrophilic Substitution
The aromatic nucleus has high electron density, thus it is
nucleophilic and is prone to electrophilic attack.
Typical reaction of aromatic compounds.
Br + HBr
Fe
catalyst
electrophile
c) Nucleophilic Substitution
Typical reaction of saturated organic compounds bearing
polar bond as functional group, such as haloalkane and
alcohol.
CH
3
CH
2
Br + OH
-
(aq) CH
3
CH
2
OH + Br
-
(aq)


conc. H
2
SO
4


CH
3
CH
2
OH CH
2
= CH
2
+ H
2
O


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- A reaction in which atoms or groups are removed from
adjacent (bersebelahan) carbon atoms of a molecule to
form a multiple bond (double or triple bond).
- Elimination reaction results in the formation of
unsaturated molecules.
ELIMINATION REACTION
- A reaction in which atoms or groups in a molecule
change position.
- Occurs when a single reactant reorganizes the bonds
and atoms.
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REARRANGEMENT REACTION
OH H
C C H R
H
O H
C C H R
tautomerisme